Nondetection of Helium in the Upper Atmospheres of TRAPPIST-1b, e, and f *Based on data collected at Subaru Telescope, operated by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Hobby–Eberly Telescope operated by The University of Texas McDonald Observatory, and ARC 3.5m Telescope at Apache Point Observatory.,The Astronomical Journal

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Nondetection of Helium in the Upper Atmospheres of TRAPPIST-1b, e, and f *Based on data collected at Subaru Telescope, operated by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Hobby–Eberly Telescope operated by The University of Texas McDonald Observatory, and ARC 3.5m Telescope at Apache Point Observatory.
The Astronomical Journal ( IF 5.1 ) Pub Date : 2021-08-02 , DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/ac0d57
Vigneshwaran Krishnamurthy ₁ , Teruyuki Hirano _{2,

3} , Gumundur Stefnsson ₄ , Joe P. Ninan _{5,

6} , Suvrath Mahadevan _{5,

6} , Eric Gaidos _{7,

8} , Ravi Kopparapu ₉ , Bunei Sato ₁ , Yasunori Hori _{2,

3} , Chad F. Bender ₁₀ , Caleb I. Caas _{5,

6} , Scott A. Diddams _{11,

12} , Samuel Halverson ₁₃ , Hiroki Harakawa ₁₄ , Suzanne Hawley ₁₅ , Fred Hearty _{5,

6} , Leslie Hebb ₁₆ , Klaus Hodapp ₁₇ , Shane Jacobson ₁₇ , Shubham Kanodia _{5,

6} , Mihoko Konishi ₁₈ , Takayuki Kotani _{2,

3,

19} , Adam Kowalski _{20,

21,

22} , Tomoyuki Kudo ₁₄ , Takashi Kurokawa _{2,

23} , Masayuki Kuzuhara _{2,

3} , Andrea Lin _{5,

6} , Marissa Maney ₅ , Andrew J. Metcalf _{11,

12,

24} , Brett Morris ₈ , Jun Nishikawa _{2,

3,

19} , Masashi Omiya _{2,

3} , Paul Robertson ₂₅ , Arpita Roy _{26,

27} , Christian Schwab ₂₈ , Takuma Serizawa ₂₃ , Motohide Tamura _{2,

3,

29} , Akitoshi Ueda ₃ , Sbastien Vievard _{2,

14} , John Wisniewski ₃₀

Affiliation

Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
Astrobiology Center, NINS, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, NINS, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, 4 Ivy Lane, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, 525 Davey Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds, 525 Davey Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hawai’i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
Steward Observatory, The University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
Department of Physics, University of Colorado, 2000 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
Subaru Telescope, 650 N. Aohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
Department of Astronomy, Box 351580, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
Department of Physics, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, 300 Pulteney Street, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
University of Hawaii, Institute for Astronomy, 640 N. Aohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
Faculty of Science and Technology, Oita University, 700 Dannoharu, Oita 870-1192, Japan
Department of Astronomy, School of Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, 2000 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
National Solar Observatory, University of Colorado Boulder, 3665 Discovery Drive, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, 3665 Discovery Drive, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
Space Vehicles Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, 3550 Aberdeen Avenue SE, Kirtland AFB, NM 87117, USA
Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Balaclava Road, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma, 440 W. Brooks Street, Norman, OK 73019, USA

We obtained high-resolution spectra of the ultracool M-dwarf TRAPPIST-1 during the transit of its planet “b” using two high-dispersion near-infrared spectrographs, the Infrared Doppler (IRD) instrument on the Subaru 8.2m telescope, and the Habitable Zone Planet Finder (HPF) instrument on the 10 m Hobby–Eberly Telescope. These spectroscopic observations are complemented by a photometric transit observation for planet “b” using the APO/ARCTIC, which assisted us in capturing the correct transit times for our transit spectroscopy. Using the data obtained by the new IRD and HPF observations, as well as the prior transit observations of planets “b,” “e” and “f” from IRD, we attempt to constrain the atmospheric escape of the planet using the He i triplet 10830 Å absorption line. We do not detect evidence for any primordial extended H-He atmospheres in all three planets. To limit any planet-related absorption, we place an upper limit on the equivalent widths of <7.754 mÅ for planet “b,” <10.458 mÅ for planet “e,” <4.143 mÅ for planet “f” at 95% confidence from the IRD data, and <3.467 mÅ for planet “b” at 95% confidence from HPF data. Using these limits along with a solar-like composition isothermal Parker wind model, we attempt to constrain the mass-loss rates for the three planets. For TRAPPIST-1b, our models exclude the highest possible energy-limited rate for a wind temperature <5000 K. This nondetection of extended atmospheres with low mean-molecular weights in all three planets aids in further constraining their atmospheric composition by steering the focus toward the search of high-molecular-weight species in their atmospheres.

中文翻译：

在 TRAPPIST-1b、e 和 f 的高层大气中未检测到氦 *基于日本国家天文台运营的斯巴鲁望远镜、德克萨斯大学麦克唐纳天文台运营的 Hobby-Eberly 望远镜和 ARC 3.5 收集的数据m Apache Point 天文台的望远镜。

我们使用两个高色散近红外光谱仪、斯巴鲁 8.2m 望远镜上的红外多普勒 (IRD) 仪器和10 m Hobby-Eberly 望远镜上的宜居带行星探测器 (HPF) 仪器。这些光谱观测得到了使用 APO/ARCTIC 对行星“b”的光度凌日观测的补充，这有助于我们为我们的凌日光谱捕获正确的过境时间。利用新的 IRD 和 HPF 观测获得的数据，以及 IRD 先前对行星“b”、“e”和“f”的凌日观测，我们尝试使用 He i限制行星的大气逃逸三重态 10830 Å 吸收线。我们没有在所有三颗行星中检测到任何原始扩展的 H-He 大气的证据。为了限制任何与行星相关的吸收，我们将行星“b”的等效宽度设置为 <7.754 mÅ，行星“e”的等效宽度为 <10.458 mÅ，行星“f”的等效宽度为 <4.143 mÅ，从 95% 的置信度来自IRD 数据，以及来自 HPF 数据的 95% 置信度的行星“b”<3.467 mÅ。使用这些限制以及类似太阳的成分等温帕克风模型，我们试图限制三颗行星的质量损失率。对于 TRAPPIST-1b，我们的模型排除了风温 <5000 K 时可能的最高能量限制率。

更新日期：2021-08-02

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