TOI-1634 b: An Ultra-short-period Keystone Planet Sitting inside the M-dwarf Radius Valley,The Astronomical Journal

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TOI-1634 b: An Ultra-short-period Keystone Planet Sitting inside the M-dwarf Radius Valley
The Astronomical Journal ( IF 5.1 ) Pub Date : 2021-07-30 , DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/ac0157
Ryan Cloutier ₁ , David Charbonneau ₁ , Keivan G. Stassun ₂ , Felipe Murgas ₃ , Annelies Mortier ₄ , Robert Massey ₅ , Jack J. Lissauer ₆ , David W. Latham ₁ , Jonathan Irwin ₁ , Raphalle D. Haywood ₇ , Pere Guerra ₈ , Eric Girardin ₉ , Steven A. Giacalone ₁₀ , Pau Bosch-Cabot ₈ , Allyson Bieryla ₁ , Joshua Winn ₁₁ , Christopher A. Watson ₁₂ , Roland Vanderspek ₁₃ , Stphane Udry ₁₄ , Motohide Tamura _{15,

16,

17} , Alessandro Sozzetti ₁₈ , Avi Shporer ₁₉ , Damien Sgransan ₁₄ , Sara Seager _{19,

20,

21} , Arjun B. Savel _{10,

22} , Dimitar Sasselov ₁ , Mark Rose ₆ , George Ricker ₁₃ , Ken Rice _{23,

24} , Elisa V. Quintana ₂₅ , Samuel N. Quinn ₁ , Giampaolo Piotto ₂₆ , David Phillips ₁ , Francesco Pepe ₁₄ , Marco Pedani ₂₇ , Hannu Parviainen _{3,

28} , Enric Palle _{3,

28} , Norio Narita _{16,

29,

30,

31} , Emilio Molinari ₃₂ , Giuseppina Micela ₃₃ , Scott McDermott ₃₄ , Michel Mayor ₁₄ , Rachel A. Matson ₃₅ , Aldo F. Martinez Fiorenzano ₂₇ , Christophe Lovis ₁₄ , Mercedes Lpez-Morales ₁ , Nobuhiko Kusakabe _{16,

17} , Eric L. N. Jensen ₃₆ , Jon M. Jenkins ₆ , Chelsea X. Huang ₁₉ , Steve B. Howell ₆ , Avet Harutyunyan ₂₇ , Gbor Fűrsz ₁₉ , Akihiko Fukui _{37,

38} , Gilbert A. Esquerdo ₁ , Emma Esparza-Borges ₂₈ , Xavier Dumusque ₁₄ , Courtney D. Dressing ₁₀ , Luca Di Fabrizio ₂₇ , Karen A. Collins ₁ , Andrew Collier Cameron ₃₉ , Jessie L. Christiansen ₄₀ , Massimo Cecconi ₂₇ , Lars A. Buchhave ₄₁ , Walter Boschin _{3,

27,

28} , Gloria Andreuzzi _{27,

42}

Affiliation

Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Department of Physics & Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, 6301 Stevenson Center Lane, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
Instituto de Astrofsica de Canarias, C/ Va Lctea s/n, E-38205 La Laguna, Spain
Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
American Association of Variable Star Observers (AAVSO), 49 Bay State Road, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
Astrophysics Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 2QL, UK
Observatori Astronmic Albany, Cam de Bassegoda S/N, Albany E-17733, Girona, Spain
Grand Pra Observatory, 1984 Les Hauderes, Switzerland
Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK
Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Observatoire Astronomique de l’Universit de Genve, 51 chemin des Maillettes, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
Astrobiology Center, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
INAF—Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Strada Osservatorio 20, Pino Torinese I-10025, Italy
Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
SUPA, Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh, EH9 3HJ, Scotland, UK
Centre for Exoplanet Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
Dip. di Fisica e Astronomia Galileo Galilei—Universit di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 2, I-35122, Padova, Italy
Fundacin Galileo Galilei-INAF, Rambla Jos Ana Fernandez Prez 7, E-38712 Brea Baja, TF, Spain
Departamento de Astrofsica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Spain
Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
JST, PRESTO, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
Instituto de Astrofsica de Canarias (IAC), E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
INAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, via della Scienza 5, I-09047, Selargius, Italy
INAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo, Piazza del Parlamento 1, I-90134 Palermo, Italy
Proto-Logic LLC, 1718 Euclid Street NW, Washington, DC 20009, USA
US Naval Observatory, Washington, DC 20392, USA
Department of Physics & Astronomy, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore PA 19081, USA
Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
Instituto de Astrofsica de Canarias, Va Lctea s/n, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK
Caltech/IPAC, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
DTU Space, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 328, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
INAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, I-00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Roma, Italy

Studies of close-in planets orbiting M dwarfs have suggested that the M-dwarf radius valley may be well explained by distinct formation timescales between enveloped terrestrials and rocky planets that form at late times in a gas-depleted environment. This scenario is at odds with the picture that close-in rocky planets form with a primordial gaseous envelope that is subsequently stripped away by some thermally driven mass-loss process. These two physical scenarios make unique predictions of the rocky/enveloped transition’s dependence on orbital separation such that studying the compositions of planets within the M-dwarf radius valley may be able to establish the dominant physics. Here, we present the discovery of one such keystone planet: the ultra-short-period planet TOI-1634 b (P=0.989 days, $F=121{F}_{\oplus }$ , ${r}_{p}={1.790}_{-0.081}^{+0.080}$ R _⊕) orbiting a nearby M2 dwarf (K _s=8.7, R _s=0.450 R _⊙, M _s=0.502 M _⊙) and whose size and orbital period sit within the M-dwarf radius valley. We confirm the TESS-discovered planet candidate using extensive ground-based follow-up campaigns, including a set of 32 precise radial velocity measurements from HARPS-N. We measure a planetary mass of ${4.91}_{-0.70}^{+0.68}$ M _⊕, which makes TOI-1634 b inconsistent with an Earth-like composition at $5.9\sigma$ and thus requires either an extended gaseous envelope, a large volatile-rich layer, or a rocky composition that is not dominated by iron and silicates to explain its mass and radius. The discovery that the bulk composition of TOI-1634 b is inconsistent with that of Earth supports the gas-depleted formation mechanism to explain the emergence of the radius valley around M dwarfs with ${M}_{s}\lesssim 0.5$ M _⊙.

中文翻译：

TOI-1634 b：位于 M 矮星半径谷内的超短周期基石行星

对围绕 M 矮星运行的近距行星的研究表明，M 矮星半径谷可以通过在气体耗尽环境中晚期形成的被包裹的地球和岩石行星之间不同的形成时间尺度来很好地解释。这种情况与靠近岩石行星形成的原始气态包层的图片不一致，该包层随后被一些热驱动的质量损失过程剥离。这两种物理场景对岩石/包络过渡对轨道分离的依赖性做出了独特的预测，因此研究 M 矮星半径谷内的行星组成可能能够建立主导物理学。在这里，我们展示了一颗这样的基石行星的发现：超短周期行星 TOI-1634 b ( P =0.989 天, $F=121{F}_{\oplus }$ , ${r}_{p}={1.790}_{-0.081}^{+0.080}$ R _⊕ ) 围绕附近的 M2 矮星 ( K _s =8.7, R _s =0.450 R _⊙ , M _s =0.502 M _⊙ ) 运行，其大小和轨道周期位于 M 矮星半径谷内。我们使用广泛的地面后续活动确认了 TESS 发现的行星候选者，包括来自 HARPS-N 的一组 32 个精确的径向速度测量值。我们测量了M _⊕的行星质量，这使得 TOI-1634 b 与在 ${4.91}_{-0.70}^{+0.68}$ $5.9\西格玛$ 因此需要一个扩展的气体包层、一个大的富含挥发物的层，或者一个不以铁和硅酸盐为主的岩石成分来解释它的质量和半径。TOI-1634 b的整体组成与地球不一致的发现支持了气体耗尽的形成机制来解释 ${M}_{s}\lesssim 0.5$ M _⊙矮星周围半径谷的出现。

更新日期：2021-07-30

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