Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Inflammation and oxidative stress play critical roles in progression of various types of CVD. Broad pharmacological properties of ginger (the rhizome of Zingiber officinale) and its bioactive components have been reported, suggesting that they can be a therapeutic choice for clinical use. Consistent with its rich phenolic content, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of ginger have been confirmed in many studies. Ginger modifies many cellular processes and in particular was shown to have potent inhibitory effects against nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB); signal transducer and activator of transcription; NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing proteins; toll-like receptors; mitogen-activated protein kinase; and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathways. Ginger also blocks pro-inflammatory cytokines and the activation of the immune system. Ginger suppresses the activity of oxidative molecules such as reactive oxygen species, inducible nitric oxide synthase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, heme oxygenase, and GSH-Px. In this report, we summarize the biochemical pathologies underpinning a variety of CVDs and the effects of ginger and its bioactive components, including 6-shogaol, 6-gingerol, and 10-dehydrogingerdione. The properties of ginger and its phenolic components, mechanism of action, biological functions, side effects, and methods for enhanced cell delivery are also discussed. Together with preclinical and clinical studies, the positive biological effects of ginger and its bioactive components in CVD support the undertaking of further in vivo and especially clinical studies.

中文翻译：

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生姜：治疗心血管疾病的补充方法


心血管疾病（CVD）是全世界发病和死亡的主要原因。炎症和氧化应激在各种类型 CVD 的进展中发挥着关键作用。生姜（姜的根茎）及其生物活性成分的广泛药理学特性已被报道，表明它们可以成为临床使用的治疗选择。与其丰富的酚类含量相一致，生姜的抗炎和抗氧化特性已在许多研究中得到证实。生姜可以改变许多细胞过程，尤其是对核因子 kappa B (NF-κB) 具有有效的抑制作用；信号转导子和转录激活子；含有 NOD、LRR 和 Pyrin 结构域的蛋白质； Toll样受体；有丝分裂原激活蛋白激酶；和哺乳动物雷帕霉素信号通路的靶点。生姜还可以阻断促炎细胞因子和免疫系统的激活。生姜抑制氧化分子的活性，如活性氧、诱导型一氧化氮合酶、超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽、血红素加氧酶和 GSH-Px。在本报告中，我们总结了多种 CVD 的生化病理学以及生姜及其生物活性成分（包括 6-姜烯酚、6-姜酚和 10-脱氢姜二酮）的影响。还讨论了生姜及其酚类成分的特性、作用机制、生物功能、副作用以及增强细胞递送的方法。结合临床前和临床研究，生姜及其生物活性成分在 CVD 中的积极生物学作用支持进一步开展体内研究，特别是临床研究。