Dermatophytosis is a major health problem all over the world including Pakistan. This is the first report of detection of dermatophytes and their antifungal drug resistance in the Northern and Western parts of Pakistan. A total of 154 samples were collected from different hospitals of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and out of them 136 samples were found positive. Tinea corporis (35%) was the most predominant type of infection followed by Tinea capitis (22%). The fungi identified in Tinea corporis infection types were identified as Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Epidermophyton floccosum. The fungi identified in Tinea capitis included Trichophyton violaceum, T. mentagrophytes, Microsporum ferrugineum. The gender wise distribution showed both males (52%) and females (48%) were infected with the fungi. More cases belonged to the rural parts of the country. Age wise distribution showed that the infection was more prevalent in the children and the prevalence decreased with the increase in age. The positive samples were checked against two antifungal agents: fluconazole and nystatin. Among 136 positive samples, none of the isolates showed resistance to nystatin while 7% of the samples showed resistance to fluconazole. The resistant isolates were then identified by amplifying the 18S rRNA gene, using universal primers (ITS1, ITS4). Among the 9 resistant isolates, 5 isolates were identified as Trichophyton spp., 3 as Microsporum spp. and 1 as Epidermophyton spp.

中文翻译：

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巴基斯坦临床样本中皮肤癣菌的患病率和抗真菌药物耐药性。


皮肤癣菌病是包括巴基斯坦在内的世界各地的一个主要健康问题。这是巴基斯坦北部和西部地区首次检测到皮肤癣菌及其抗真菌药物耐药性的报告。从开伯尔-普赫图赫瓦省各医院共采集了154份样本，其中136份样本呈阳性。体癣（35%）是最主要的感染类型，其次是头癣（22%）。体癣感染类型中鉴定出的真菌为红色毛癣菌、须癣毛癣菌、絮状表皮癣菌。头癣中鉴定出的真菌包括紫色毛癣菌、须癣毛癣菌、铁红小孢子菌。性别分布显示男性（52%）和女性（48%）都感染了真菌。更多病例发生在该国农村地区。年龄分布显示，儿童感染率较高，且随着年龄的增长，感染率下降。对阳性样本进行了两种抗真菌药物的检查：氟康唑和制霉菌素。在136个阳性样本中，没有分离株对制霉菌素表现出耐药性，而7%的样本对氟康唑表现出耐药性。然后使用通用引物（ITS1、ITS4）通过扩增 18S rRNA 基因来鉴定耐药菌株。 9株耐药菌株中，5株被鉴定为毛癣菌属，3株为小孢子菌属。 1 为表皮癣菌属。