The crime of corruption ranges from politicians involved in high-profile scandals to low-level bureaucrats granting contracts and police officers demanding bribes. Corruption occurs when state actors criminally leverage their positions of power for financial gain. Our study examines how corruption varies by political power position and within criminal contexts by measuring the embeddedness of corruption within Chicago historical organized crime. We analyze Chicago's organized crime network before and during Prohibition (1900–1919 and 1920–1933) to compare differences across embedded network positions between political, law enforcement, and nonstate actors. Our findings show that more police were in organized crime than politicians before Prohibition, but the small group of politicians had higher embeddedness in organized crime. During Prohibition, when organized crime grew and centralized, law enforcement decreased in proportion and became less embedded in organized crime. Politicians, however, maintained their proportion and high level of embeddedness. We argue that everyday corruption is more frequent but less embedded when criminal contexts are moderately profitable. As criminal contexts increase in profitability, however, corruption moves up the political ladder to include fewer people who are more highly embedded. This work has theoretical implications for the symbiotic relationship between corruption and criminal organizations.

中文翻译：

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贿赂的关系：腐败在芝加哥有组织犯罪中的根深蒂固*

腐败犯罪的范围从涉及高调丑闻的政客到授予合同的低级官僚和索要贿赂的警察。当国家行为者利用其权力地位谋取经济利益时，就会发生腐败。我们的研究通过衡量腐败在芝加哥历史有组织犯罪中的嵌入程度，研究腐败如何因政治权力地位和犯罪背景而变化。我们分析了禁酒令（1900-1919 年和 1920-1933 年）之前和期间芝加哥的有组织犯罪网络，以比较政治、执法和非国家行为者之间嵌入的网络地位的差异。我们的研究结果表明，在禁酒令之前，参与有组织犯罪的警察多于政客，但少数政客在有组织犯罪中的嵌入程度更高。在禁酒令期间，随着有组织犯罪的增长和集中，执法部门的比例下降，并减少了与有组织犯罪的联系。然而，政客们保持了他们的比例和高度的嵌入性。我们认为，当犯罪环境利润适中时，日常腐败会更加频繁，但根深蒂固。然而，随着犯罪背景在盈利能力上的增加，腐败上升到政治阶梯上，包括更少的高度嵌入的人。这项工作对腐败与犯罪组织之间的共生关系具有理论意义。我们认为，当犯罪环境利润适中时，日常腐败会更加频繁，但根深蒂固。然而，随着犯罪背景在盈利能力上的增加，腐败上升到政治阶梯上，包括更少的高度嵌入的人。这项工作对腐败与犯罪组织之间的共生关系具有理论意义。我们认为，当犯罪环境利润适中时，日常腐败会更加频繁，但根深蒂固。然而，随着犯罪背景在盈利能力上的增加，腐败上升到政治阶梯上，包括更少的高度嵌入的人。这项工作对腐败与犯罪组织之间的共生关系具有理论意义。