Climate change and global warming strongly impact the cryosphere. The rise of air temperature and change of precipitation patterns lead to dramatic responses of snow and ice heat and mass balance. Sustainable field observations on lake air–snow–ice–water temperature regime have been carried out in Lake Orajärvi in the vicinity of the Finnish Space Centre, a Flagship Supersite in Sodankylä in Finnish Lapland since 2009. A thermistor-string-based snow and ice mass balance buoy called “Snow and ice mass balance apparatus (SIMBA)” was deployed in the lake at the beginning of each ice season. In this paper, we describe snow and ice temperature regimes, snow depth, ice thickness, and ice compositions retrieved from SIMBA observations as well as meteorological variables based on high-quality observations at the Finnish Space Centre. Ice thickness in Lake Orajärvi showed an increasing trend. During the decade of data collection (1) the November–May mean air temperature had an increasing trend of 0.16 ^∘C per year, and the interannual variations were highly correlated (r = 0.93) with the total seasonal accumulated precipitation; (2) the maximum granular ice thickness ranged from 15 % to 80 % of the maximum total ice thickness; and (3) the snow depth on lake ice was not correlated (r = 0.21) with the total precipitation. The data set can be applied to investigate the lake ice surface heat balance and the role of snow in lake ice mass balance and to improve the parameterization of snow to ice transformation in snow and ice models. The data are archived at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4559368 (Cheng et al., 2021).

中文翻译：

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欧洲北极湖冰成分的年际变化：基于高分辨率热敏电阻串的观测

气候变化和全球变暖对冰冻圈产生强烈影响。气温升高和降水模式的变化导致冰雪热量和质量平衡的剧烈反应。自 2009 年以来，在芬兰航天中心（芬兰拉普兰 Sodankylä 的旗舰超级站点）附近的 Orajärvi 湖对湖泊空气-雪-冰-水温度状况进行了可持续实地观测。基于热敏电阻串的冰雪在每个冰季开始时，在湖中部署称为“冰雪质量平衡仪（SIMBA）”的质量平衡浮标。在本文中，我们描述了从 SIMBA 观测中提取的雪和冰温度状况、雪深、冰厚度和冰成分，以及基于芬兰航天中心高质量观测的气象变量。Orajärvi 湖的冰层厚度呈增加趋势。在数据收集的十年期间 (1) 11-5 月平均气温有 0.16 的上升趋势 ^∘ C/a，年际变化 与季节性累积降水总量高度相关（ r  = 0.93）；(2) 最大颗粒冰厚度为最大总冰厚度的 15% 至 80%；（3）湖冰积雪深度 与总降水量无关（ r  = 0.21）。该数据集可用于研究湖冰表面热平衡和雪在湖冰质量平衡中的作用，并改进雪和冰模型中雪到冰转换的参数化。数据存档于 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4559368 (Cheng et al., 2021)。