Soil and water contaminants have an impact on ecosystems, agricultural productivity, groundwater, and human health. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new technologies to treat pollution, one of these techniques is the use of nanomaterials (NMs). This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of bentonite nano-sheet structure (n-Be), hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HapNP), and their nano-composite (n-Be/HapNC) on immobilizing nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb) in peanut-cultivated soil. The prepared materials were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, atomic force microscopy, surface area, and Fourier transform infrared. Eight levels of material were used T1 (bentonite, 1 t ha⁻¹), T2 (hydroxyapatite, 1 t ha⁻¹), T3 (HapNPs, 50 kg ha⁻¹), T4 (HapNPs, 100 kg ha⁻¹), T5 (n-Be, 50 kg ha⁻¹), T6 (n-Be, 100 kg ha⁻¹), T7 (n-Be/HapNC, 50 kg ha⁻¹), and T8 (n-Be/HapNC, 100 kg ha⁻¹). The results indicated that the available Ni, Cu, and Pb showed a significant decline in the treated soil, in comparison to untreated. Levels of Ni exhibited a decrease in the following order: T8 < T6 < T7 < T5. Similar patterns were observed for Cu and Pb levels, where treatment T8 exhibited the greatest decline compared to the control. Uptake of heavy metals (HM) by peanut components (leaves, stems, and seeds) showed significant declines for the treatments, compared to the control. Treatment (n-Be/HapNC, 100 kg ha⁻¹) showed the lowest transfer coefficient of Ni (0.53) and Cu (0.048) compared to control (0.71 and 0.097), respectively. Treatments of NMs significantly exhibited increases in fresh weight, pods, and seeds, compared to the control. From all findings, it is obtained that nano-forms of such materials can immobilize HM in contaminated soil, enhance its characteristics, decrease HM-uptake by plants, and are considered good immobilizers for HM in soil. These materials play a role in treating contaminated soil and thus making it suitable for agriculture.

中文翻译：

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纳米膨润土、纳米羟基磷灰石和纳米复合材料修复污染土壤中的重金属

土壤和水污染物会对生态系统、农业生产力、地下水和人类健康产生影响。因此，有必要开发处理污染的新技术，其中一种技术是使用纳米材料（NMs）。本研究旨在评估膨润土纳米片结构 (n-Be)、羟基磷灰石纳米粒子 (HapNP) 及其纳米复合材料 (n-Be/HapNC) 在固定镍 (Ni)、铜 (Cu) 和花生栽培土壤中的铅（Pb）。制备的材料通过 X 射线粉末衍射、原子力显微镜、表面积和傅里叶变换红外光谱进行表征。使用了八级材料 T1（膨润土，1 t ha ^-1）、T2（羟基磷灰石，1 t ha ^-1）、T3（HapNPs，50 kg ha ^-1), T4 (HapNPs, 100 kg ha ^-1 ), T5 (n-Be, 50 kg ha ^-1 ), T6 (n-Be, 100 kg ha ^-1 ), T7 (n-Be/HapNC, 50 kg ha ^-1 ) 和 T8 (n-Be/HapNC, 100 kg ha ^-1 )。结果表明，与未经处理的土壤相比，经处理的土壤中的有效镍、铜和铅显着下降。Ni 的水平按以下顺序降低：T8 < T6 < T7 < T5。Cu和Pb水平观察到类似的模式，与对照相比，处理T8表现出最大的下降。与对照相比，处理组花生成分（叶、茎和种子）对重金属 (HM) 的吸收显着下降。处理 (n-Be/HapNC, 100 kg ha ^-1) 分别与对照 (0.71 和 0.097) 相比，Ni (0.53) 和 Cu (0.048) 的转移系数最低。与对照相比，NMs 的处理显着增加了鲜重、豆荚和种子。从所有的研究结果可以看出，这种材料的纳米形式可以固定受污染土壤中的 HM，增强其特性，减少植物对 HM 的吸收，被认为是土壤中 HM 的良好固定剂。这些材料在处理受污染的土壤方面发挥作用，从而使其适用于农业。