Speciation and hybridization are intertwined processes in the study of evolution. Hybridization between sufficiently diverged populations can result in genomic conflict within offspring, causing reduced viability and fertility, thus increasing divergence between populations. Conflicts between mitochondrial and nuclear genes are increasingly found to play a role in this process in various systems. We examine the possibility of this conflict in the bear macaque, Macaca arctoides (Primates: Cercopithecidae), a primate species exhibiting mitonuclear discordance due to extensive hybridization with species in the sinica and fascicularis groups. Here, divergence, introgression and natural selection of mitonuclear genes (N = 160) relative to nuclear control genes (N = 144) were analysed to determine whether there are evolutionary processes involved in resolving the potential conflict caused by mitonuclear discordance. Nucleotide divergence of mitonuclear genes is increased relative to control nuclear genes between M. arctoides and the species sharing its nuclear ancestry (p = 0.007), consistent with genetic conflict. However, measures of introgression and selection do not identify large-scale co-introgression or co-evolution as means to resolve mitonuclear conflict. Nonetheless, mitochondrial tRNA synthetases stand out in analyses using dN/dS and extended branch lengths as potential targets of selection. The methodology implemented provides a framework that can be used to examine the effects of mitonuclear co-introgression and co-evolution on a genomic scale in a variety of systems.

中文翻译：

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表现出系统发育不一致的猕猴物种中的线粒体核冲突。

物种形成和杂交是进化研究中相互交织的过程。充分分化的种群之间的杂交会导致后代内的基因组冲突，导致生存力和生育力降低，从而增加种群之间的分化。越来越多地发现线粒体和核基因之间的冲突在各种系统的这一过程中发挥作用。我们研究了熊猕猴 Macaca arctoides（灵长类动物：Cercopithecidae）发生这种冲突的可能性，这是一种灵长类动物，由于与 sinica 和 fascicularis 组中的物种广泛杂交而表现出线粒体核不一致性。在这里，分歧，分析了相对于核控制基因（N = 144）的线粒体基因（N = 160）的基因渗入和自然选择，以确定是否存在涉及解决由线粒体不一致引起的潜在冲突的进化过程。相对于 M. arctoides 和共享其核祖先的物种之间的对照核基因，线粒体核基因的核苷酸差异增加（p = 0.007），与遗传冲突一致。然而，基因渗入和选择的措施并未将大规模共同渗入或共同进化确定为解决核核冲突的手段。尽管如此，线粒体 tRNA 合成酶在使用 dN/dS 和扩展分支长度作为潜在选择目标的分析中脱颖而出。