The intestinal immune system maintains intestinal homeostasis in collaboration with diverse immune cell subsets residing at the epithelial layer, lamina propria and gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). Bacterial components and their metabolites are essential for the establishment of the gut immune system. In addition, nutritional signals contribute to maintaining the mucosal immune response. Specialized epithelial microfold (M) cells in GALT facilitate immune surveillance on the mucosal surface by actively taking up external antigens to transport them into the lymphoid follicles. Because hyperplasia of M cells causes an excessive immune response in GALT, there is a self-regulatory mechanism to control the development of M cells appropriately. In this review, we will discuss the molecular mechanisms of mucosal immune regulation and their biological importance.

中文翻译：

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肠道免疫：诱导还是不诱导？就是那个问题。

肠道免疫系统与位于上皮层、固有层和肠道相关淋巴组织 (GALT) 的不同免疫细胞亚群合作，维持肠道稳态。细菌成分及其代谢物对于建立肠道免疫系统至关重要。此外，营养信号有助于维持粘膜免疫反应。GALT 中的特化上皮微褶皱 (M) 细胞通过主动吸收外部抗原将其转运到淋巴滤泡中来促进黏膜表面的免疫监视。由于 M 细胞的增生导致 GALT 出现过度的免疫反应，因此存在一种自我调节机制来适当地控制 M 细胞的发育。在本次审查中，