Anticipation, monitoring, and evaluation of the outcome of one's actions are at the core of proactive control. Individuals with lesions to OFC often demonstrate behaviors that indicate a lack of recognition or concern for the negative effects of their actions. Altered action timing has also been reported in these patients. We investigated the role of OFC in predicting and monitoring the sensory outcomes of self-paced actions. We studied patients with focal OFC lesions (n = 15) and healthy controls (n = 20) while they produced actions that infrequently evoked unexpected outcomes. Participants performed a self-paced, random generation task where they repeatedly pressed right and left buttons that were associated with specific sensory outcomes: a 1- and 2-kHz tone, respectively. Occasional unexpected action outcomes occurred (mismatch) that inverted the learned button-tone association (match). We analyzed ERPs to the expected and unexpected outcomes as well as action timing. Neither group showed post-mismatch slowing of button presses, but OFC patients had a higher number of fast button presses, indicating that they were inferior to controls at producing regularly timed actions. Mismatch trials elicited enhanced N2b-P3a responses across groups as indicated by the significant main effect of task condition. Planned within-group analyses showed, however, that patients did not have a significant condition effect, suggesting that the result of the omnibus analysis was driven primarily by the controls. Altogether, our findings indicate that monitoring of action timing and the sensory outcomes of self-paced actions as indexed by ERPs is impacted by OFC damage.

中文翻译：

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眼眶额叶皮层损伤后自控动作时间和感觉结果的监测。

对行为结果的预测、监控和评估是主动控制的核心。患有 OFC 损伤的个体通常表现出的行为表明他们对其行为的负面影响缺乏认识或关注。在这些患者中也报告了改变的行动时间。我们调查了 OFC 在预测和监测自定进度动作的感官结果方面的作用。我们研究了局灶性 OFC 病变患者（n = 15）和健康对照（n = 20），而他们的行为很少引起意外结果。参与者执行自定进度的随机生成任务，他们反复按下与特定感官结果相关的左右按钮：分别为 1 kHz 和 2 kHz 音调。偶尔会发生意外的动作结果（不匹配），这会反转学习到的按键音关联（匹配）。我们分析了 ERP 的预期和意外结果以及行动时机。两组均未显示失配后按钮按下速度减慢，但 OFC 患者快速按下按钮的次数更多，这表明他们在产生规律的定时动作方面不如对照组。正如任务条件的显着主效应所表明的那样，错配试验引起了跨组的增强的 N2b-P3a 反应。然而，计划内的组内分析显示，患者对病情没有显着影响，这表明综合分析的结果主要是由对照组驱动的。共，