1. Pine-tree lappet moth (Dendrolimus pini L.) larvae can be serious defoliators of pine in several countries within mainland Europe. A breeding population of pine-tree lappet moth was confirmed near Inverness, Scotland in 2009, prior to which the species had only been observed in the United Kingdom as an occasional nonbreeding migrant to southern England.
2. To investigate whether a geographic pattern of DNA variation exists that could elucidate whether the population is native or introduced, we analysed nuclear (ITS2) and mitochondrial (NAD and COI) sequence data from D. pini from across a broad geographic range. Additionally, microsatellite marker data were used to examine neutral genetic diversity and to look for evidence of a recent population bottleneck in the Scottish population.
3. ITS2 sequence analysis confirmed that the Scottish population was D. pini and identified a distinct Western European group of D. pini samples. Analysis of the mitochondrial sequences grouped the haplotypes into two main phylogenetic groups (A and B) and a well-supported Western European sub-group (b1). A high number of unique haplotypes were recorded, highlighting the haplotype diversity across the species range. The Scottish haplotype did not have an exact match but grouped with haplotypes from group B. The microsatellite markers highlighted low genetic diversity in the Scottish population but there was no evidence of a recent population bottleneck.
4. Evidence to distinguish between a native versus a recent introduction origin of the Scottish population is equivocal. Further sampling to increase haplotype coverage may help to clarify this question.

中文翻译：

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苏格兰松树垂蛾 Dendrolimus pini (L.) 种群的分子调查：新来的还是老熟人？

1. 松树垂蛾 ( Dendrolimus pini L.) 幼虫在欧洲大陆的几个国家可能是严重的松树落叶者。2009 年在苏格兰因弗内斯附近确认了松树垂蛾的繁殖种群，在此之前，该物种仅在英国被观察到，作为偶尔的非繁殖迁移到英格兰南部。
2. 为了研究是否存在可以阐明种群是原生的还是引入的 DNA 变异的地理模式，我们分析了来自广泛地理范围的松果的核 (ITS2) 和线粒体 (NAD 和 COI) 序列数据。此外，微卫星标记数据被用来检查中性遗传多样性，并寻找苏格兰人口最近出现人口瓶颈的证据。
3. ITS2 序列分析证实，苏格兰种群是松果粒虫，并确定了一个独特的西欧松果粒虫样本组。线粒体序列分析将单倍型分为两个主要的系统发育组（A 和 B）和一个得到充分支持的西欧亚组（b1）。记录了大量独特的单倍型，突出了物种范围内的单倍型多样性。苏格兰单倍型没有完全匹配，但与 B 组的单倍型分组。微卫星标记突出了苏格兰人口中的低遗传多样性，但没有证据表明最近存在人口瓶颈。
4. 区分苏格兰人口的本地人和最近引入的起源的证据是模棱两可的。进一步取样以增加单倍型覆盖率可能有助于澄清这个问题。