Dominance is a basic property of inheritance systems describing the link between a diploid genotype at a single locus and the resulting phenotype. Models for the evolution of dominance have long been framed as an opposition between the irreconcilable views of Fisher in 1928 supporting the role of largely elusive dominance modifiers and Wright in 1929, who viewed dominance as an emerging property of the structure of enzymatic pathways. Recent theoretical and empirical advances however suggest that these opposing views can be reconciled, notably using models investigating the regulation of gene expression and developmental processes. In this more comprehensive framework, phenotypic dominance emerges from departures from linearity between any levels of integration in the genotype-to-phenotype map. Here, we review how these different models illuminate the emergence and evolution of dominance. We then detail recent empirical studies shedding new light on the diversity of molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying dominance and its evolution. By reconciling population genetics and functional biology, we hope our review will facilitate cross-talk among research fields in the integrative study of dominance evolution.

中文翻译：

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遗传优势的综合生物学

显性是遗传系统的基本属性，描述了单个基因座的二倍体基因型与产生的表型之间的联系。长期以来，优势演化的模型一直被认为是 1928 年费舍尔（Fisher）不可调和的观点之间的对立，后者支持很大程度上难以捉摸的优势修饰剂的作用，而赖特（Wright）在 1929 年将优势视为酶途径结构的新兴特性。然而，最近的理论和经验进展表明，这些相反的观点可以调和，特别是使用研究基因表达和发育过程的调节的模型。在这个更全面的框架中，表型优势源于基因型到表型图中任何整合水平之间的线性偏离。这里，我们回顾了这些不同的模型如何阐明主导地位的出现和演变。然后，我们详细介绍了最近的实证研究，这些研究揭示了支配优势及其进化的分子和生理机制的多样性。通过协调种群遗传学和功能生物学，我们希望我们的综述能够促进优势进化综合研究中研究领域之间的交叉对话。