As a result of continuous growth in population, efforts to meet increasing energy demand in a balanced way in the future as it is today, has led to the emergence of the sustainability concept. Sustainability is mainly considered with technical, economic, environmental and social aspects, hence the most effective instruments to ensure sustainability are renewable energy technologies which are interchangeably used for sustainability. Renewable energy problems regarding sustainability have inherently conflicting goals with a high degree of ambiguity and complexity. To address these problems, multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) approach serve best. Therefore, in this study, a MCDM approach integrating Pythagorean fuzzy sets (PFSs) in AHP–TOPSIS method combination was used to calculate the sustainability index and for ranking renewable energy technologies, hybrids and battery energy storage systems (BESSs) in Turkey. The sustainability index was handled in three main aspects, i.e., uninterrupted supply, economic supply and environmentally friendly supply. The results pointed out that hydro $+$ solar and wind $+$ solar hybrid alternatives have the highest sustainability index value while geothermal and biomass rank as the lowest two alternatives energy technologies.

由于人口的持续增长，努力以平衡的方式满足未来不断增长的能源需求，就像今天一样，导致了可持续性概念的出现。可持续性主要从技术、经济、环境和社会方面考虑，因此确保可持续性的最有效工具是可互换用于可持续性的可再生能源技术。关于可持续性的可再生能源问题具有内在的相互冲突的目标，具有高度的模糊性和复杂性。为了解决这些问题，多标准决策 (MCDM) 方法最有效。因此，在本研究中，MCDM 方法在 AHP-TOPSIS 方法组合中集成了勾股模糊集 (PFS)，用于计算可持续性指数，并对土耳其的可再生能源技术、混合动力和电池储能系统 (BESS) 进行排名。可持续发展指数主要从不间断供应、经济供应和环保供应三个方面进行处理。结果表明，水力$+$ 太阳能和风能 $+$ 太阳能混合替代品具有最高的可持续性指数值，而地热和生物质能是最低的两种替代能源技术。