Worldwide, lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths. Molecular targeted therapies and immunotherapies for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have improved outcomes markedly over the past two decades. However, the vast majority of advanced NSCLCs become resistant to current treatments and eventually progress. In this Perspective, we discuss some of the recent breakthrough therapies developed for NSCLC, focusing on immunotherapies and targeted therapies. We highlight our current understanding of mechanisms of resistance and the importance of incorporating genomic analyses into clinical studies to decipher these further. We underscore the future role of neoadjuvant and maintenance combination therapy approaches to potentially cure early disease. A major challenge to successful development of rational combination therapies will be the application of robust predictive biomarkers for clear-cut patient stratification, and we provide our views on clinical research areas that could influence how NSCLC will be managed over the coming decade.

在世界范围内，肺癌是癌症相关死亡的最常见原因。在过去的二十年中，非小细胞肺癌 (NSCLC) 的分子靶向疗法和免疫疗法显着改善了预后。然而，绝大多数晚期非小细胞肺癌对目前的治疗产生耐药性并最终取得进展。在这个观点中，我们讨论了一些最近为 NSCLC 开发的突破性疗法，重点是免疫疗法和靶向疗法。我们强调了我们目前对耐药机制的理解以及将基因组分析纳入临床研究以进一步破译这些机制的重要性。我们强调了新辅助和维持联合治疗方法在潜在治愈早期疾病方面的未来作用。