Mycorrhizal symbiosis is generally considered effective in ameliorating plant tolerance to abiotic stress by altering gene expression, and evaluation of genes involved in ion homeostasis and nutrient uptake. This study aimed to use arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) to alleviate salinity stress and analyse relevant gene expression in pistachio plants under No/NaCl stress in greenhouse conditions. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis was used to study the physiological responses, ion distribution and relevant gene expression in pistachio plants under salinity stress. After four months of symbiosis, mycorrhizal root colonization showed a significant reduction in all tested parameters under salt stress treatment compared to non-saline treatment. Salinity affected the morphological traits, and decreased the nutrient content including N, P, Mg and Fe as well as K/Na and Ca/Na ratios, relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index (MSI), and increased the concentration of K, Ca and Na nutrient, glycine betaine, ROS and MDA. Inoculation of seedlings with AMF mitigated the negative effects of salinity on plant growth as indicated by increasing the root colonization, morphological traits, glycine betaine, RWC and MSI. Specifically, under salinity stress, shoot and root dry weight, P and Fe nutrient content, K/Na and Ca/Na ratio of AMF plants were increased by 53.2, 48.6, 71.6, 60.2, 87.5, and 80.1% respectively, in contrast to those of the NMF plants. The contents of Na, O^2•− and MDA in AMF plants were significantly decreased by 66.8, 36.8, and 23.1%, respectively at 250 mM NaCl. Moreover, salinity markedly increased SOS1, CCX2 and SKOR genes expression and the inoculation with AMF modulated these genes expression; however, NRT2.4, PHO1 and PIP2.4 gene expressions were increased by salinity and AMF. It could be concluded that inoculation of AMF with Rhizophagus irregularis conferred a larger endurance towards soil salinity in pistachio plants and stimulate the nutrient uptake and ionic homeostasis maintenance, superior RWC and osmoprotection, toxic ion partitioning, maintaining membrane integrity and the ion-relevant genes expression.

菌根共生通常被认为通过改变基因表达和评估参与离子稳态和养分吸收的基因来有效改善植物对非生物胁迫的耐受性。本研究旨在利用丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）在温室条件下减轻盐分胁迫并分析开心果在No / NaCl胁迫下的相关基因表达。采用丛枝菌根共生体研究盐胁迫下开心果的生理反应、离子分布及相关基因表达。经过四个月的共生，与非盐胁迫处理相比，盐胁迫处理下的所有测试参数均显着降低。盐度影响形态性状，降低 N、P、Mg、Fe 等养分含量，降低 K/Na 和 Ca/Na 比、相对含水量（RWC）、膜稳定性指数（MSI），增加K、Ca 和 Na 营养素、甘氨酸甜菜碱、ROS 和 MDA。用 AMF 接种幼苗减轻了盐分对植物生长的负面影响，这通过增加根定殖、形态性状、甘氨酸甜菜碱、RWC 和 MSI 表明。具体而言，在盐胁迫下，AMF植株的地上部和根部干重、P和Fe养分含量、K/Na和Ca/Na比分别提高了53.2%、48.6%、71.6%、60.2%、87.5%和80.1%。 NMF植物的那些。Na、O的含量^{在 250 mM NaCl 时，AMF 植物中的2•−}和 MDA 分别显着降低了 66.8、36.8 和 23.1%。此外，盐度显着增加了 SOS1、CCX2 和 SKOR 基因的表达，并且接种 AMF 调节了这些基因的表达；然而，盐度和 AMF 增加了 NRT2.4、PHO1 和 PIP2.4 基因的表达。可以得出结论，用不规则根霉接种 AMF赋予开心果植物对土壤盐分的更大耐受性，刺激养分吸收和离子稳态维持，优越的 RWC 和渗透保护，有毒离子分配，维持膜完整性和离子相关基因表达.