We revisit the concept of synergy based on the recently translated classical book by Nikolai Bernstein (On the construction of movements, Medgiz, Moscow 1947; Latash, Bernstein’s Construction of Movements, Routledge, Abingdon 2020b) and progress in understanding the physics and neurophysiology of biological action. Two aspects of synergies are described: organizing elements into stable groups (modes) and ensuring dynamical stability of salient performance variables. The ability of the central nervous system to attenuate synergies in preparation for a quick action—anticipatory synergy adjustments—is emphasized. Recent studies have demonstrated synergies at the level of hypothetical control variables associated with spatial referent coordinates for effectors. Overall, the concept of synergies fits naturally the hierarchical scheme of control with referent coordinates with an important role played by back-coupling loops within the central nervous system and from peripheral sensory endings. Further, we review studies showing non-trivial changes in synergies with development, aging, fatigue, practice, and a variety of neurological disorders. Two aspects of impaired synergic control—impaired stability and impaired agility—are introduced. The recent generalization of the concept of synergies for non-motor domains, including perception, is discussed. We end the review with a list of unresolved and troubling issues.

我们根据尼古拉·伯恩斯坦 (Nikolai Bernstein) 最近翻译的经典著作（论运动的构建，Medgiz，莫斯科 1947；拉塔什，伯恩斯坦的运动构建，Routledge，Abingdon 2020b）重新审视了协同作用的概念，并在理解生物物理学和神经生理学方面取得了进展行动。描述了协同作用的两个方面：将元素组织成稳定的组（模式）和确保显着性能变量的动态稳定性。强调了中枢神经系统减弱协同作用以准备快速行动的能力——预期的协同作用调整。最近的研究表明，与效应器的空间参考坐标相关的假设控制变量水平上的协同作用。总体，协同作用的概念自然适合具有参考坐标的分层控制方案，在中枢神经系统内和外周感觉末端的反向耦合回路中发挥着重要作用。此外，我们回顾了研究表明，与发育、衰老、疲劳、实践和各种神经系统疾病的协同作用发生了重大变化。介绍了受损协同控制的两个方面——稳定性受损和敏捷性受损。讨论了最近对非运动领域（包括感知）协同作用概念的概括。我们以未解决和令人不安的问题列表结束审查。我们回顾了显示与发育、衰老、疲劳、实践和各种神经系统疾病的协同作用发生重大变化的研究。介绍了受损协同控制的两个方面——稳定性受损和敏捷性受损。讨论了最近对非运动领域（包括感知）协同作用概念的概括。我们以未解决和令人不安的问题列表结束审查。我们回顾了显示与发育、衰老、疲劳、实践和各种神经系统疾病的协同作用发生重大变化的研究。介绍了受损协同控制的两个方面——稳定性受损和敏捷性受损。讨论了最近对非运动领域（包括感知）协同作用概念的概括。我们以未解决和令人不安的问题列表结束审查。