In electrocatalytic conversion of earth-abundant small molecules (e.g., H₂O, O₂, CO₂, N₂), thorough understanding of the interface chemistry under the operating conditions is the cornerstone of design and construction of high-performance catalytic systems (electrolytes and electrodes). Frequently, limited comprehension of characterization tools leads to bewilderment in the system selection and/or experimental design. This perspective discusses the advance, limitation, and outlook of the state-of-the-art operando techniques involving investigation of electrocatalytic interfaces, including IR, Raman, UV-vis, XAFS, Mössbauer spectroscopy, AP-XPS, AFM, and SECCM. This perspective aims to help researchers in aspects of system selection, experimental design, and mechanism study in electrocatalysis.

在地球上丰富的小分子（例如，H ₂ O、O ₂、CO ₂、N ₂）的电催化转化中，深入了解操作条件下的界面化学是设计和构建高性能催化系统的基石（电解质和电极）。通常，对表征工具的有限理解会导致系统选择和/或实验设计的困惑。这个角度讨论了预先限制，国家的最先进的的前景operando涉及电催化界面研究的技术，包括 IR、拉曼、UV-vis、XAFS、穆斯堡尔光谱、AP-XPS、AFM 和 SECCM。该视角旨在帮助研究人员在电催化的系统选择、实验设计和机理研究等方面进行研究。