Hepatobiliary cancers are a heterogeneous group of malignancies with a dismal prognosis. Despite intensive research efforts focused on these tumors, methods for early diagnosis and effective targeted therapies are still lacking. Exosomes, released by most cells, exist in all kinds of body fluids and play an important role in cell-to-cell communication. They are small membranous vesicles containing biological molecules, such as noncoding RNAs (ncRNA), which are not translated into proteins, but they exert effects on the regulation of gene transcription and translation. There is growing evidence for the essential roles of ncRNAs in exosomes in both physiologic and pathologic conditions of hepatobiliary cancers. They have been identified as sensitive diagnostic biomarkers as well as potential therapeutic targets. The present review discusses recent findings in the cross-talk between hepatobiliary cancers cells and the surrounding cells of the microenvironment and discuss their potential clinical usage.

中文翻译：

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肝胆癌中的外泌体非编码 RNA：一颗冉冉升起的新星

肝胆癌是一组异质性恶性肿瘤，预后不佳。尽管对这些肿瘤进行了深入的研究，但仍然缺乏早期诊断和有效靶向治疗的方法。大多数细胞释放的外泌体存在于各种体液中，在细胞间通讯中发挥重要作用。它们是含有非编码RNA（ncRNA）等生物分子的小膜泡，不会翻译成蛋白质，但它们对基因转录和翻译的调节发挥作用。越来越多的证据表明 ncRNA 在外泌体中在肝胆癌的生理和病理条件下的重要作用。它们已被确定为敏感的诊断生物标志物以及潜在的治疗靶点。