Temperature and productivity appear as universal positive large-scale correlates of species richness. However, the strength and the shape of species–temperature (STR) and species–productivity (SPR) relationships vary widely, and the causes of this variation are poorly known. We analysed 1) published species richness data for multiple taxa sampled in various regions and 2) different clades within vertebrate classes globally, to test for the effects of spatial scale and characteristics of examined taxa and regions on the strength and direction of STRs and SPRs. There are striking differences in the variation of the relationships among types of data, between ectotherms and endotherms and also between STRs and SPRs. Some sources of this variation are of statistical nature (e.g. the relationships are stronger if the range of temperature or productivity variation is wider), but non-statistical sources are more important and illuminate the processes responsible for the origin of biodiversity patterns. The SPRs are generally stronger and less variable than STRs, and SPR variation is weakly related to the explored factors – the SPRs are stronger in warmer regions in ectotherms, while clade size is the only factor consistently affecting the strength of the SPR in endotherms. In contrast, STRs are weaker and more variable, and this variation is linked to region characteristics – most importantly, STRs are stronger in the regions where temperature positively correlates with productivity, indicating that productivity plays a role even in the STRs. The effect of temperature on species richness is thus complex and context-dependent, while productivity is a more universal driver of species richness patterns, largely independent of particular characteristics of given region or taxon. Productivity thus appears as the main proximate driver of species richness patterns, probably due to its effect on the limits of the number of viable populations which can coexist in a given environment.

中文翻译：

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生物多样性模式的普遍性：物种-温度和物种-生产力关系的变化揭示了生产力在多样性梯度中的突出作用

温度和生产力似乎是物种丰富度的普遍正相关性。然而，物种-温度（STR）和物种-生产力（SPR）关系的强度和形状差异很大，这种变化的原因知之甚少。我们分析了 1) 在不同地区采样的多个分类群的已发表物种丰富度数据和 2) 全球脊椎动物类中的不同进化枝，以测试空间尺度和所检查分类群和区域的特征对 STR 和 SPR 的强度和方向的影响。数据类型之间、变温线和吸热线之间以及STR 和SPR 之间关系的变化存在显着差异。这种变化的一些来源是统计性质的（例如 如果温度或生产力变化的范围更广，这种关系就会更强），但非统计来源更重要，它阐明了导致生物多样性模式起源的过程。SPR 通常比 STR 更强且变化更小，并且 SPR 变化与探索的因素弱相关——SPR 在变温动物的较温暖地区更强，而进化枝大小是唯一持续影响吸热动物 SPR 强度的因素。相比之下，STR 更弱且更易变，并且这种变化与区域特征有关——最重要的是，STR 在温度与生产力呈正相关的区域更强，表明生产力甚至在 STR 中也发挥作用。因此，温度对物种丰富度的影响是复杂且依赖于环境的，而生产力是物种丰富度模式的更普遍驱动因素，在很大程度上独立于特定区域或分类群的特定特征。因此，生产力似乎是物种丰富度模式的主要直接驱动因素，这可能是由于它对在给定环境中可以共存的可行种群数量的限制的影响。