In this study, a lignin/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) composite nanofiber membrane is prepared by electrospinning and used as the precursor to prepare flexible carbon nanofibers (CNFs) through pre-oxidation and carbonization. The micromorphology, crystal structure, pore size distribution and specific surface area of the CNFs are characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and specific surface adsorption analysis, respectively. The electrochemical properties of the CNF membrane are also investigated by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy due to its potential application in binder-free electrode materials for supercapacitors. We successfully prepared flexible CNFs with an average diameter of about 539 nm and a specific surface area of 1053.78 m²/g when the mass ratio of lignin to PAN was 9:1 in a solution concentration of 28 wt%. The CNFs are loaded onto nickel foam to prepare the electrode materials for supercapacitors without a binder. When the current density is 0.5 A/g, the specific capacitance could be up to 201.27 F/g and the equivalent series resistance is only 0.57 Ω, which shows an excellent electrochemical performance. This study not only provides a theoretical basis for the high-value utilization of lignin and the preparation of flexible lignin/PAN-based CNFs, but also provides a new type of environmentally friendly raw material for the electrodes of supercapacitors and could be helpful to alleviate the energy crisis and environmental pollution.

在这项研究中，通过静电纺丝制备木质素/聚丙烯腈（PAN）复合纳米纤维膜，并将其用作前驱体，通过预氧化和碳化制备柔性碳纳米纤维（CNFs）。CNFs的微观形貌、晶体结构、孔径分布和比表面积分别通过场发射扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射、拉曼光谱和比表面吸附分析进行表征。由于 CNF 膜在用于超级电容器的无粘合剂电极材料中的潜在应用，因此还通过循环伏安法、恒电流充放电和电化学阻抗谱研究了 CNF 膜的电化学性能。我们成功制备了平均直径约为 539 nm、比表面积为 1053.78 m 的柔性 CNFs当溶液浓度为 28 wt% 时，木质素与 PAN 的质量比为 9:1 时为² /g。将 CNF 负载到泡沫镍上以制备用于没有粘合剂的超级电容器的电极材料。当电流密度为0.5 A/g时，比电容可达201.27 F/g，等效串联电阻仅为0.57 Ω，表现出优异的电化学性能。该研究不仅为木质素的高价值利用和柔性木质素/PAN基CNFs的制备提供了理论依据，而且为超级电容器的电极提供了一种新型的环保原材料，有助于缓解能源危机和环境污染。