Nerve stimulation and neuromodulation have become acceptable interventions for bladder dysfunction. However, electrical stimulation indiscriminately affects all types of cells and can lead to treatment failure and off-target effects. In recent years, advancement of knowledge of optogenetics provides a powerful tool to enable precise, minimally invasive neuromodulation.

中文翻译：

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膀胱的光遗传学神经调节

神经刺激和神经调节已成为膀胱功能障碍可接受的干预措施。然而，电刺激会不加选择地影响所有类型的细胞，并可能导致治疗失败和脱靶效应。近年来，光遗传学知识的进步为实现精确、微创的神经调节提供了强大的工具。