The raw material characteristics, glaze color, mineral composition, and microstructure of green-glazed porcelain samples excavated from the Donggou kiln site in Henan Province, China were subjected to scientific investigations. The results show that the glaze formula of Donggou kiln celadon is relatively stable, and the plant ash with higher Na₂O and K₂O content may be used as a flux for the celadon glaze. The pan-blue celadon glaze has a wide range of dominant wavelength, concentrated and high distribution of luminosity values, low color saturation, and light degree of yellow. The high content of K₂O and P₂O₅ is one of the main factors for the bluish glaze color. The celadon glaze of the Donggou kiln is a typical crystalline phase-separated glaze with a large number of needle-like and columnar anorthite crystals and a worm-like phase-separated structure.