Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by neuronal impairment and loss of function, and with the major shared histopathological hallmarks of misfolding and aggregation of specific proteins inside or outside cells. Some genetic and environmental factors contribute to the promotion of the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Currently, there are no effective treatments for neurodegenerative diseases. It has been revealed that bidirectional communication exists between the brain and the gut. The gut microbiota is a changeable and experience-dependent ecosystem and can be modified by genetic and environmental factors. The gut microbiota provides potential therapeutic targets that can be regulated as new interventions for neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we discuss genetic and environmental risk factors for neurodegenerative diseases, summarize the communication among the components of the microbiota-gut-brain axis, and discuss the treatment strategy of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). FMT is a promising treatment for neurodegenerative diseases, and restoration of the gut microbiota to a premorbid state is a novel goal for prevention and treatment strategies.

神经退行性疾病的特征是神经元损伤和功能丧失，并且具有错误折叠和细胞内外特定蛋白质聚集的主要共同组织病理学特征。一些遗传和环境因素有助于促进神经退行性疾病的发展和进展。目前，神经退行性疾病尚无有效的治疗方法。已经发现大脑和肠道之间存在双向通信。肠道微生物群是一个多变且依赖经验的生态系统，可以通过遗传和环境因素进行改变。肠道微生物群提供了潜在的治疗靶点，可以作为神经退行性疾病的新干预措施进行调节。在这次审查中，我们讨论了神经退行性疾病的遗传和环境危险因素，总结了微生物群-肠-脑轴组件之间的交流，并讨论了粪便微生物群移植（FMT）的治疗策略。FMT 是一种很有前景的神经退行性疾病治疗方法，将肠道微生物群恢复到发病前状态是预防和治疗策略的新目标。