Melanoma is one of the most aggressive forms of cancer with limited treatment options available. Successful treatment involves a combination of surgical resection of the tumor; chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Given their complex nature, the rapid development of drug resistance and metastatic spread, nanotechnology-based therapeutics are an attractive option for effective melanoma treatment. Nano-vesicular-based delivery systems hold the promise of aiding in the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma. These formulations can improve targeted delivery, deliver insoluble drugs belonging to class II, biopharmaceutical classification system, and alter drug pharmacokinetics and exposure profiles. These nanometer-sized carriers predominantly bypass the reticuloendothelial system and, thereby, improve blood circulation time and enhance tumor cell uptake with reduced toxicity. In this review, various lipid-based nano-formulations used in the diagnosis, treatment, or both for melanoma are discussed. Utilization of these na-no-formulations with a single drug or a combination of drugs, nucleic acid-based compounds (small interfering RNA, DNA) and targeting antibodies as other possibilities for melanoma are reviewed. We also present a state-of-the-art overview of alternative therapeutic approaches for the treatment of melanoma, such as photodynamic, immune, and gene therapies.

中文翻译：

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用于黑色素瘤治疗的基于脂质的纳米囊泡递送系统的最新进展。

黑色素瘤是最具侵袭性的癌症之一，可用的治疗选择有限。成功的治疗包括手术切除肿瘤的组合；化疗和免疫治疗。鉴于其复杂性、耐药性的快速发展和转移扩散，基于纳米技术的疗法是有效治疗黑色素瘤的有吸引力的选择。基于纳米囊泡的递送系统有望帮助诊断和治疗黑色素瘤。这些制剂可以改善靶向递送、递送属于 II 类、生物制药分类系统的不溶性药物，并改变药物的药代动力学和暴露特征。这些纳米尺寸的载体主要绕过网状内皮系统，从而，改善血液循环时间并增强肿瘤细胞摄取，同时降低毒性。在这篇综述中，讨论了用于黑色素瘤诊断、治疗或两者的各种基于脂质的纳米制剂。综述了将这些纳米制剂与单一药物或药物组合、基于核酸的化合物（小干扰 RNA、DNA）和靶向抗体作为黑色素瘤的其他可能性的应用。我们还介绍了治疗黑色素瘤的替代治疗方法的最先进概述，例如光动力疗法、免疫疗法和基因疗法。综述了基于核酸的化合物（小干扰 RNA、DNA）和靶向抗体作为黑色素瘤的其他可能性。我们还介绍了治疗黑色素瘤的替代治疗方法的最先进概述，例如光动力疗法、免疫疗法和基因疗法。综述了基于核酸的化合物（小干扰 RNA、DNA）和靶向抗体作为黑色素瘤的其他可能性。我们还介绍了治疗黑色素瘤的替代治疗方法的最先进概述，例如光动力疗法、免疫疗法和基因疗法。