The COVID-19 pandemic has induced many issues for all societal sectors, in particular in the production and disposal of municipal solid waste. This may be because successive easing and reimposing of lockdown measures have deeply changed people's movements, consumers' behaviors and waste management. Previous studies have focused on the short-term effects of lockdowns on waste changes, yet there is little knowledge on waste variations during successive lockdowns and unlocking of various lockdown intensities. Moreover, the efficiency of lockdown and its relation to people's mobility in different countries are still not clear. Here, we studied the variations of amount and composition of municipal solid waste before the pandemic in 2019 and during the pandemic in 2020-2021 in USA, Brazil, Canada, UK, France and Italy. We used a stringency index and a composite mobility index to assess the lockdown intensity and people's movements. Results show that the mobility index sharply decreased with lockdown intensity, and enforcing measures were more efficient in France and Italy. Compared to 2019, prolonged lockdowns caused larger decreases in the quantity of commercial and construction wastes versus household waste. The initial implementation of lockdown or unlocking measures promoted inhabitants' consumption, generally leading to the increased waste amount, by about 9% for Trento and 12% for Montreal at the beginning of lockdown, respectively. Moreover, larger variations in the waste amount in Trento, from - 25.3 to 9.8%, were in line with higher lockdown intensity compared to those in Montreal, from - 9.5 to 12.7%, affected by people's mobility, consumers' behaviors and waste management. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10311-021-01290-z.

中文翻译：

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连续 COVID-19 封锁对人员流动性、封锁效率和城市固体废物的影响。

COVID-19 大流行给所有社会部门带来了许多问题，特别是在城市固体废物的生产和处置方面。这可能是因为连续放宽和重新实施封锁措施已经深刻改变了人们的行动、消费者的行为和废物管理。以前的研究集中在封锁对废物变化的短期影响，但对连续封锁和解除各种封锁强度期间的废物变化知之甚少。此外，封锁的效率及其与不同国家人员流动的关系仍不清楚。在这里，我们研究了美国、巴西、加拿大、英国、法国和意大利在 2019 年大流行之前和 2020-2021 年大流行期间城市固体废物的数量和组成的变化。我们使用严格度指数和综合流动性指数来评估封锁强度和人员流动。结果表明，流动性指数随着封锁强度的增加而急剧下降，而法国和意大利的执行措施效率更高。与 2019 年相比，长时间的封锁导致商业和建筑垃圾的数量比生活垃圾的减少幅度更大。封锁或解锁措施的最初实施促进了居民的消费，总体上导致垃圾量增加，在封锁开始时，特伦托和蒙特利尔分别增加了约 9% 和 12%。此外，特伦托的废物量变化较大，从 - 25.3% 到 9.8%，与蒙特利尔相比，从 - 9.5% 到 12.7%，这与更高的封锁强度一致，受人们流动性的影响，消费者行为和废物管理。补充信息 在线版本包含可在 10.1007/s10311-021-01290-z 获得的补充材料。