Maxillofacial-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MFSCs) are a particular collective type of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that originate from the hard and soft tissue of the maxillofacial region. Recently, many types of MFSCs have been isolated and characterized. MFSCs have the common characteristics of being extremely accessible and amazingly multipotent and thus have become a promising stem cell resource in tissue regeneration. However, different MFSCs can give rise to different cell lineages, have different advantages in clinical use, and regulate the immune and inflammation microenvironment through paracrine mechanisms in different ways. Hence, in this review, we will concentrate on the updated new findings of all types of MFSCs in tissue regeneration and also introduce the recently discovered types of MFSCs. Important issues about proliferation and differentiation in vitro and in vivo, up-to-date clinical application, and paracrine effect of MFSCs in tissue regeneration will also be discussed. Our review may provide a better guide for the clinical use of MFSCs and further direction of research in MFSC regeneration medicine.

中文翻译：

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颌面部间充质干细胞：组织再生的特征和进展

颌面部间充质干细胞 (MFSC) 是一种特殊的集体类型的间充质干细胞 (MSC)，起源于颌面部的硬组织和软组织。最近，许多类型的 MFSCs 已被分离和表征。MFSCs 具有非常容易接近和惊人的多能性的共同特征，因此已成为组织再生中很有前途的干细胞资源。然而，不同的MFSCs可以产生不同的细胞谱系，在临床应用中具有不同的优势，通过旁分泌机制以不同的方式调节免疫和炎症微环境。因此，在这篇综述中，我们将集中讨论所有类型 MFSC 在组织再生中的最新发现，并介绍最近发现的 MFSC 类型。还将讨论 MFSCs 在组织再生中的体外和体内、最新的临床应用和旁分泌作用。我们的综述可能为MFSCs的临床应用和MFSC再生医学的进一步研究方向提供更好的指导。