Advanced in vitro models of human skeletal muscle tissue are increasingly needed to model complex developmental dynamics and disease mechanisms not recapitulated in animal models or in conventional monolayer cell cultures. There has been impressive progress towards creating such models by using tissue engineering approaches to recapitulate a range of physical and biochemical components of native human skeletal muscle tissue. In this review, we discuss recent studies focussed on developing complex in vitro models of human skeletal muscle beyond monolayer cell cultures, involving skeletal myogenic differentiation from human primary myoblasts or pluripotent stem cells, often in the presence of structural scaffolding support. We conclude with our outlook on the future of advanced skeletal muscle three-dimensional cultures (e.g. organoids and biofabrication) to produce physiologically and clinically relevant platforms for disease modelling and therapy development in musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.

越来越需要先进的人类骨骼肌组织体外模型来模拟动物模型或传统单层细胞培养中无法重现的复杂发育动力学和疾病机制。通过使用组织工程方法来概括天然人类骨骼肌组织的一系列物理和生化成分，在创建此类模型方面取得了令人印象深刻的进展。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了最近的研究，重点是开发单层细胞培养之外的复杂的人类骨骼肌体外模型，涉及人类原代成肌细胞或多能干细胞的骨骼肌原性分化，通常需要结构支架支持。最后，我们对先进骨骼肌三维培养（例如类器官和生物制造）的未来进行了展望，以产生用于肌肉骨骼和神经肌肉疾病的疾病建模和治疗开发的生理和临床相关平台。