Interaction between nanomaterials (NMs) and biological systems can be beneficial for biological functions but also can present hazards to humans. Nanotoxicology and nanomedicine, as two subdisciplines of nanotechnology, share the same goal of making safer NMs for biomedical application. NMs with unique electronic properties have been widely used for biomedical applications, such as bacterial inactivation, wound healing, tumor therapy, and Alzheimer’s disease therapy. Meanwhile, the biosafety of NMs has become a hot topic, and development of effective “safe-by-design” strategies will be beneficial for the wide applications of NMs in the biomedical field. However, it is currently hard to establish a property–activity relationship between NMs and their biosafety and biomedical applications, especially for electronic band structure including conduction band energy (E_c), valence band energy (E_v), Fermi energy (E_f), and bandgap energy (E_g). E_g determines the suitable lights used to excite NMs, and E_c and E_v determine the redox abilities of photoinduced electrons and holes, while E_f dominates the charge transfer process within NMs. Therefore, through modulating the electronic band structure of NMs, not only can the biosafety of NMs be elevated, but also the photoelectronic performance can be improved, providing a profound understanding to the design of functional NMs for the biomedical application with excellent biocompatibility.

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用于生物安全和生物医学应用的电子能带工程纳米材料

纳米材料 (NM) 与生物系统之间的相互作用可能有益于生物功能，但也可能对人类造成危害。纳米毒理学和纳米医学作为纳米技术的两个子学科，有着共同的目标，即为生物医学应用制造更安全的纳米材料。具有独特电子特性的纳米材料已广泛用于生物医学应用，如细菌灭活、伤口愈合、肿瘤治疗和阿尔茨海默病治疗。同时，纳米材料的生物安全性已成为一个热门话题，开发有效的“安全设计”策略将有利于纳米材料在生物医学领域的广泛应用。然而，目前很难在 NMs 及其生物安全和生物医学应用之间建立属性-活性关系，E _c )、价带能量 ( E _v )、费米能量 ( E _f ) 和带隙能量 ( E _g )。E _g决定了用于激发 NMs 的合适光，E _c和E _v决定了光生电子和空穴的氧化还原能力，而E _fNMs 内的电荷转移过程占主导地位。因此，通过调节纳米材料的电子能带结构，不仅可以提高纳米材料的生物安全性，还可以提高光电子性能，为具有优异生物相容性的生物医学应用功能纳米材料的设计提供了深刻的理解。