Yield crops is a complex component depending on several grain filling traits. Knowledge of their relative contribution to grain yield determination under contrasting environments is essential to optimize grain yield and its stability. This study evaluates the changes resulting from durum wheat breeding in Morocco during the last three decades on grain filling rate (R) and duration (D), final grain weight (W), and days from sowing to anthesis (DSA). A set of six durum wheat varieties, released between 1984 and 2007, was grown in experiments conducted under contrasting environments during three growing seasons. The analysis of variance revealed that water regimes and growing seasons accounted for the largest percentages of variability for R, D, W, and DSA. D and DSA increased significantly over time under both water regimes. W exhibited an increasing trend under irrigated conditions, but a significant decline under rainfed ones. In contrast, the change of R was only significant under irrigated conditions. The path coefficient revealed that irrigated and rainfed conditions impacted differently the direct and indirect effects among traits with higher values of direct effects recorded under water-limited conditions. Within irrigated trials, R and D affected directly and positively grain yield. Regarding rainfed conditions, grain yield was only dependent on W. These findings indicate that genetic progress in grain filling traits and their direct and indirect effects on grain yield differed significantly between rainfed and irrigated conditions. Therefore, when selecting for high-yielding durum wheat genotypes, a particular attention should be paid to the environmental conditions.

产量作物是一个复杂的组成部分，取决于几个籽粒灌浆性状。了解它们在对比环境下对谷物产量确定的相对贡献对于优化谷物产量及其稳定性至关重要。本研究评估了过去 30 年摩洛哥硬质小麦育种在籽粒灌浆率 (R) 和持续时间 (D)、最终粒重 (W) 和播种至开花天数 (DSA) 方面的变化。1984 年至 2007 年间发布的六个硬质小麦品种在三个生长季节在对比环境下进行的实验中种植。方差分析表明，水情和生长季节占 R、D、W 和 DSA 变异的最大百分比。D 和 DSA 随着时间的推移在两种水情下显着增加。W在灌溉条件下呈现增加趋势，但在雨养条件下显着下降。相比之下，R 的变化仅在灌溉条件下才显着。路径系数显示，灌溉和雨育条件对水分限制条件下记录的直接影响值较高的性状之间的直接和间接影响不同。在灌溉试验中，R 和 D 直接和积极地影响粮食产量。关于雨养条件，粮食产量仅依赖于 W。这些发现表明，在雨养和灌溉条件下，灌浆性状的遗传进展及其对粮食产量的直接和间接影响存在显着差异。因此，在选择高产硬粒小麦基因型时，