We compare flexible low-carbon regulations in the transportation sector and their interaction and sequencing with greenhouse gas emissions trading systems in California and Quebec. As momentum builds for greater climate action, it is necessary to better understand how carbon markets and other low-carbon transportation policies influence one another. First, we demonstrate that emissions trading between California and Quebec has been asymmetric, with linking having little influence on carbon prices from California's perspective but leading to a considerable cost reduction from the point of view of Quebec. Second, we present evidence that Quebec has replicated many of California's low-carbon transportation policies that promote increased electric vehicle use, where Quebec has an advantage, while deferring to the Canadian federal government with regard to policies that incentivize the production of other low-carbon transportation fuels. Third, we demonstrate that while the stringency of the policy mix of carbon pricing and flexible transportation regulations has increased over time in both jurisdictions, the stringency of flexible regulations has been more aggressively ratcheted up and is expected to continue to dominate. Overall, our findings suggest that the policy sequence observed in California and Quebec can be attributed to the political economy benefits that the selected instruments confer to governments seeking to move from the middle towards the bottom of the clean technology experience curve. We discuss a number of important research questions and associated hypotheses emanating from our findings, which provide the basis for more in-depth studies involving a larger universe of cases and economic sectors.

中文翻译：

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加州和魁北克的气候和交通政策排序

我们比较了运输部门灵活的低碳法规及其与加利福尼亚和魁北克温室气体排放交易系统的相互作用和排序。随着采取更大气候行动的势头增强，有必要更好地了解碳市场和其他低碳交通政策如何相互影响。首先，我们证明加州和魁北克之间的排放交易是不对称的，从加州的角度来看，这种联系对碳价格几乎没有影响，但从魁北克的角度来看，却导致了相当大的成本降低。其次，我们提供的证据表明，魁北克复制了加州的许多低碳交通政策，这些政策促进了电动汽车的使用，而魁北克在这方面具有优势，同时在激励其他低碳运输燃料生产的政策方面服从加拿大联邦政府。第三，我们证明，虽然两个司法管辖区的碳定价和灵活运输法规政策组合的严格程度随着时间的推移而增加，但灵活法规的严格程度已经更加激进，预计将继续占据主导地位。总体而言，我们的研究结果表明，在加利福尼亚州和魁北克省观察到的政策序列可归因于所选工具赋予寻求从清洁技术经验曲线中间移动到底部的政府的政治经济利益。我们讨论了一些重要的研究问题和从我们的发现中产生的相关假设，