Marine fungi remain poorly covered in global genome sequencing campaigns; the 1000 fungal genomes (1KFG) project attempts to shed light on the diversity, ecology and potential industrial use of overlooked and poorly resolved fungal taxa. This study characterizes the genomes of three marine fungi: Emericellopsis sp. TS7, wood-associated Amylocarpus encephaloides and algae-associated Calycina marina. These species were genome sequenced to study their genomic features, biosynthetic potential and phylogenetic placement using multilocus data. Amylocarpus encephaloides and C. marina were placed in the Helotiaceae and Pezizellaceae (Helotiales), respectively, based on a 15-gene phylogenetic analysis. These two genomes had fewer biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) and carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes) than Emericellopsis sp. TS7 isolate. Emericellopsis sp. TS7 (Hypocreales, Ascomycota) was isolated from the sponge Stelletta normani. A six-gene phylogenetic analysis placed the isolate in the marine Emericellopsis clade and morphological examination confirmed that the isolate represents a new species, which is described here as E. atlantica. Analysis of its CAZyme repertoire and a culturing experiment on three marine and one terrestrial substrates indicated that E. atlantica is a psychrotrophic generalist fungus that is able to degrade several types of marine biomass. FungiSMASH analysis revealed the presence of 35 BGCs including, eight non-ribosomal peptide synthases (NRPSs), six NRPS-like, six polyketide synthases, nine terpenes and six hybrid, mixed or other clusters. Of these BGCs, only five were homologous with characterized BGCs. The presence of unknown BGCs sets and large CAZyme repertoire set stage for further investigations of E. atlantica. The Pezizellaceae genome and the genome of the monotypic Amylocarpus genus represent the first published genomes of filamentous fungi that are restricted in their occurrence to the marine habitat and form thus a valuable resource for the community that can be used in studying ecological adaptions of fungi using comparative genomics.

中文翻译：

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三种海洋真菌（包括 Emericellopsis atlantica sp.）的基因组特征。十一月具有通才生活方式和海洋生物量退化的特征


全球基因组测序活动对海洋真菌的覆盖率仍然很低； 1000 个真菌基因组 (1KFG) 项目试图揭示被忽视和解析不佳的真菌类群的多样性、生态学和潜在工业用途。这项研究表征了三种海洋真菌的基因组：拟南芥属（Emericellopsis sp.）。 TS7，与木材相关的 Amylocarpus encephaloides 和与藻类相关的 Calycina marina。对这些物种进行了基因组测序，以利用多位点数据研究其基因组特征、生物合成潜力和系统发育布局。根据 15 个基因的系统发育分析，Amylocarpus encephaloides 和 C. marina 分别属于 Helotiaceae 和 Pezizellaceae (Helotiales)。这两个基因组比拟拟杆菌具有更少的生物合成基因簇（BGC）和碳水化合物活性酶（CAZymes）。 TS7 分离物。拟南芥属TS7（肉座菌目，子囊菌门）是从海绵 Stellettanormanani 中分离出来的。六基因系统发育分析将该分离株置于海洋拟杆菌进化枝中，形态学检查证实该分离株代表了一个新物种，此处将其描述为 E. atlantica。对 CAZyme 库的分析以及对三种海洋和一种陆地基质的培养实验表明，E. atlantica 是一种耐冷多面性真菌，能够降解多种类型的海洋生物量。 FungiSMASH 分析揭示了 35 种 BGC 的存在，包括 8 种非核糖体肽合酶 (NRPS)、6 种 NRPS 样、6 种聚酮化合物合酶、9 种萜烯和 6 种杂合、混合或其他簇。在这些 BGC 中，只有 5 个与特征 BGC 同源。未知 BGC 组和大型 CAZyme 库的存在为进一步研究 E. atlantica 奠定了基础。 Pezizellaceae 基因组和单型 Amylocarpus 属的基因组代表了第一个发表的丝状真菌基因组，这些丝状真菌的出现仅限于海洋栖息地，因此形成了社区的宝贵资源，可用于通过比较研究真菌的生态适应基因组学。