A ‘semantic approach’ to nationalism might focus on how political actors use the word ‘nation’ to legitimate political demands, often contrasting that word with other similar words, such as ‘ethnicity’ or ‘tribe’, which might be generalized as ‘not-quite-nations’. The semantic approach must also address the problem of linguistic diversity, and proposes that the word for ‘nation’ in languages other than English should be the word which bestows legitimacy. Applying this method to three case studies – Catalonia, Hungary, and Ethiopia – suggests that one particular word always emerges as the locus of sovereignty, and thus as the equivalent for ‘nation’. The method is not compatible with all scholarly approaches to nationalism, but it is consistent with the approach of both Benedict Anderson and Rogers Brubaker.

中文翻译：

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民族与“不完全民族”：民族主义及其术语的语义方法

民族主义的“语义方法”可能侧重于政治行为者如何使用“民族”一词来使政治要求合法化，通常将该词与其他类似词进行对比，例如“种族”或“部落”，后者可能被概括为“不” -相当国家'。语义方法还必须解决语言多样性的问题，并建议英语以外的语言中的“民族”一词应该是赋予合法性的词。将这种方法应用于三个案例研究——加泰罗尼亚、匈牙利和埃塞俄比亚——表明一个特定的词总是作为主权的所在地出现，因此与“民族”等价。该方法与民族主义的所有学术方法不兼容，但与本尼迪克特·安德森和罗杰斯·布鲁贝克的方法一致。