Submerged forward osmosis (FO) is of high interest to treat and concentrate complex streams where cross flow module suffers from limitations such as breakage of fragile compounds, viscosity issue or fouling and clogging limitations. In this study, submerged hollow fiber FO (Sub-HFFO) modules were designed using commercial HFFO membranes. Then, modules were validated, compared to commercial HFFO cross flow module, and tested in different operational conditions (draw concentration and type, feed concentration and feed tank scouring). Finally, fouling tests were performed using model foulants. Designed Sub-HFFO modules featured similar performances than commercial cross flow modules. It was demonstrated that draw circulation in Sub-HFFO can be done in pulsing mode without mass-transfer limitation due to the homogeneous flow distribution and self-supporting of the membranes, in opposition to Sub-FO plate and frame design. This study also confirmed that providing mixing near the membrane surface in the feed tank is a key factor to mitigate not only fouling but also external concentration polarization (ECP) limitation. Air scouring and recirculation tank proved to be efficient towards more sustainable operation; full recovery of initial flux after fouling was achieved thanks to osmotic backwashing cleaning.

浸没式正向渗透 (FO) 对处理和浓缩复杂流很感兴趣，其中错流模块受到限制，例如易碎化合物的破损、粘度问题或结垢和堵塞限制。在这项研究中，浸入式中空纤维 FO (Sub-HFFO) 模块是使用商业 HFFO 膜设计的。然后，验证模块，与商用 HFFO 错流模块进行比较，并在不同的操作条件（抽吸浓度和类型、进料浓度和进料罐冲刷）下进行测试。最后，使用模型污垢进行污垢测试。设计的 Sub-HFFO 模块具有与商业横流模块相似的性能。结果表明，与 Sub-FO 板和框架设计相反，由于膜的均匀流动分布和自支撑，Sub-HFFO 中的抽吸循环可以在没有传质限制的情况下以脉冲模式进行。该研究还证实，在进料罐的膜表面附近提供混合是不仅可以减轻结垢而且可以减轻外部浓差极化 (ECP) 限制的关键因素。空气净化和再循环罐被证明是有效的，可实现更可持续的运行；由于渗透反冲洗清洁，在污染后实现了初始通量的完全恢复。该研究还证实，在进料罐的膜表面附近提供混合是不仅可以减轻结垢而且可以减轻外部浓差极化 (ECP) 限制的关键因素。空气净化和再循环罐被证明是有效的，可实现更可持续的运行；由于渗透反冲洗清洁，在污染后实现了初始通量的完全恢复。该研究还证实，在进料罐的膜表面附近提供混合是不仅可以减轻结垢而且可以减轻外部浓差极化 (ECP) 限制的关键因素。空气净化和再循环罐被证明是有效的，可实现更可持续的运行；由于渗透反冲洗清洁，在污染后实现了初始通量的完全恢复。