Reduction and exhausted features of T lymphocytes under serological changes, and prognostic factors in COVID-19 progression,Molecular Immunology

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Reduction and exhausted features of T lymphocytes under serological changes, and prognostic factors in COVID-19 progression
Molecular Immunology ( IF 3.2 ) Pub Date : 2021-08-06 , DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.06.001
Ata Mahmoodpoor ₁ , Maryam Hosseini ₂ , Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar ₃ , Sarvin Sanaie ₄ , Leili Aghebati-Maleki ₅ , Seyed Hadi Saghaleini ₆ , Zohreh Ostadi ₆ , Mahsa Hajivalili ₇ , Zhinous Bayatmakoo ₈ , Mostafa Haji-Fatahaliha ₉ , Zohreh Babaloo ₉ , Sima Shahmohammadi Farid ₉ , Javad Ahmadian Heris ₁₀ , Leila Roshangar ₁₁ , Reza Rikhtegar ₁₂ , Hossein Samadi Kafil ₁₃ , Mehdi Yousefi ₁₄

Affiliation

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Neurosciences Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Pediatric Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.

Aims

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel viral infection threatening worldwide health as currently there exists no effective treatment strategy and vaccination programs are not publicly available yet. T lymphocytes play an important role in antiviral defenses. However, T cell frequency and functionality may be affected during the disease.

Material and methods

Total blood samples were collected from patients with mild and severe COVID-19, and the total lymphocyte number, as well as CD4+ and CD8 + T cells were assessed using flowcytometry. Besides, the expression of exhausted T cell markers was evaluated. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines were also investigated in the serum of all patients using enzyme-linked immunesorbent assay (ELISA). Finally, the obtained results were analyzed along with laboratory serological reports.

Results

COVID-19 patients showed lymphopenia and reduced CD4+ and CD8 + T cells, as well as high percentage of PD-1 expression by T cells, especially in severe cases. Serum secretion of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) were remarkably increased in patients with severe symptoms, as compared with healthy controls. Moreover, high levels of triglyceride (TG) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), were correlated with the severity of the disease.

Conclusion

Reduced number and function of T cells were observed in COVID-19 patients, especially in severe patients. Meanwhile, the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines was increased as the disease developed. High level of serum IL-2R was also considered as a sign of lymphopenia. Additionally, hypercholesterolemia and hyperlipidemia could be important prognostic factors in determining the severity of the infection.

中文翻译：

血清学变化下T淋巴细胞的减少和衰竭特征及COVID-19进展的预后因素

宗旨

2019 年冠状病毒病 (COVID-19) 是一种威胁全球健康的新型病毒感染，目前尚无有效的治疗策略，疫苗接种计划也尚未公开。T 淋巴细胞在抗病毒防御中发挥重要作用。然而，T 细胞频率和功能可能在疾病期间受到影响。

材料与方法

从轻度和重度 COVID-19 患者中采集全血样本，并使用流式细胞仪评估淋巴细胞总数以及 CD4+ 和 CD8+ T 细胞。此外，评估了耗尽的 T 细胞标记物的表达。还使用酶联免疫吸附测定 (ELISA) 研究了所有患者血清中促炎细胞因子的水平。最后，将获得的结果与实验室血清学报告一起进行分析。

结果

COVID-19 患者表现出淋巴细胞减少和 CD4+ 和 CD8+ T 细胞减少，以及 T 细胞高百分比的 PD-1 表达，尤其是在严重病例中。与健康对照组相比，症状严重的患者血清中 TNF-α、IL-1β 和 IL-2 受体 (IL-2R) 的分泌显着增加。此外，高水平的甘油三酯 (TG) 和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (LDL-C) 与疾病的严重程度相关。