In this article, I argue that religious nationalism poses a unique challenge to the liberal theory of religious freedom. In arguing this, the article first develops and defines an ideal type of religious nationalism through an analysis of Hindu-nationalist and religious Zionist thought. I show that religious nationalism in states like India and Israel have the unique status of intimate rivals. They are intimate since they are able to successfully present themselves as the carriers of the authentic character of the nation-state and utilize modern political tools. As a result, they are free of much of the unifying pressures of state nationalism. And they are rivals because they promote a vision of society and politics that fundamentally challenges the political identity of the state. The paper then turns to the justifications and rationales of religious freedom—both in seminal cases and in political and legal scholarship—and applies them to religious nationalism. It argues that the status of intimate rivalry should, depending on which justification of religious freedom we adhere to, change the way in which we morally and legally understand religious nationalism. First, because religious nationalism is intimate—that is, acceptable and mainstream—it should be approached as a part of the culture of the majority. This implies that we should be less concerned about infringements of religious freedom in the case of the adherents and organizations of religious nationalism. Second, the rivalry of religious nationalism is in itself a good reason for the nation-state not to accommodate it.

中文翻译：

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亲密的对手：宗教民族主义的自由

在本文中，我认为宗教民族主义对宗教自由的自由主义理论提出了独特的挑战。在论证这一点时，本文首先通过对印度民族主义和宗教犹太复国主义思想的分析，发展和定义了一种理想的宗教民族主义。我表明，印度和以色列等国家的宗教民族主义具有独特的地位亲密的对手. 他们是亲密的因为他们能够成功地将自己展示为民族国家真实特征的载体并利用现代政治工具。结果，他们摆脱了国家民族主义的统一压力。他们是对手因为它们促进了从根本上挑战国家政治身份的社会和政治愿景。然后，本文转向宗教自由的正当性和基本原理——无论是在开创性案例中还是在政治和法律学术中——并将它们应用于宗教民族主义。它认为，亲密对抗的地位应该取决于我们坚持哪种宗教自由的理由，改变我们在道德和法律上理解宗教民族主义的方式。首先，因为宗教民族主义是亲密的-也就是说，可接受的和主流的——它应该被视为多数文化的一部分。这意味着我们应该较少关注宗教民族主义的追随者和组织侵犯宗教自由的情况。二、对抗宗教民族主义本身就是民族国家不接纳它的一个很好的理由。