The long-term high intensity continuous cropping with heavy application of mineral fertilization resulted in soil degradation and accumulation of soil-borne plant pathogens. Fungi are key microbial components and closely related to soil health in agroecosystem. In this study, the responses of fungal communities to different agricultural practices were investigated in upland of Ultisol using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and high-throughput sequencing (Illumina MiSeq). The study involved four management treatments: no fertilization (Control), mineral NPK fertilizer (NPK), NPK fertilizer plus peanut straw (NPKS), and NPK fertilizer plus planting green manure (i.e., hairy vetch; NPKG). By comparison with the NPK, application of NPKG significantly increased soil fertility and peanut yield. The NPKS and NPKG significantly increased soil fungal abundance relative to the NPK. Different agricultural practices significantly altered soil fungal community composition in Ultisol. Soil pH and phosphorus content were the two most pivotal drivers shaping fungal community structure. Compared to the NPK, the NPKS and NPKG significantly increased the relative abundance of Basidiomycota. The NPKG increased the relative abundance of certain plant-beneficial fungal taxa and decreased the relative abundance and diversity of plant-pathogen relative to NPK and NPKS, thereby contributing to suppressing continuous cropping barriers and increasing peanut productivity. Overall, our results suggested that planting hairy vetch might outperform NPK or returning peanut straw for improving peanut yield by increasing soil fertility and altering fungal community structure in upland of Ultisol.

长期高强度连作，大量施用矿物肥导致土壤退化和土传植物病原体的积累。真菌是关键的微生物成分，与农业生态系统中的土壤健康密切相关。在这项研究中，使用定量聚合酶链反应 (qPCR) 和高通量测序 (Illumina MiSeq) 在 Ultisol 高地调查了真菌群落对不同农业实践的反应。该研究涉及四种管理处理：不施肥（对照）、矿物 NPK 肥料（NPK）、NPK 肥料加花生秸秆（NPKS）和 NPK 肥料加种植绿肥（即紫云英；NPKG）。与NPK相比，NPKG的施用显着提高了土壤肥力和花生产量。相对于 NPK，NPKS 和 NPKG 显着增加了土壤真菌丰度。不同的农业实践显着改变了 Ultisol 中的土壤真菌群落组成。土壤 pH 值和磷含量是塑造真菌群落结构的两个最关键的驱动因素。与NPK相比，NPKS和NPKG显着增加担子菌的相对丰度。NPKG 增加了某些对植物有益的真菌类群的相对丰度，并降低了植物病原体相对于 NPK 和 NPKS 的相对丰度和多样性，从而有助于抑制连作障碍和提高花生生产力。全面的，