Toxicokinetics of Ag (nano)materials in the soil model Enchytraeus crypticus (Oligochaeta) – impact of aging and concentration,Environmental Science: Nano

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Toxicokinetics of Ag (nano)materials in the soil model Enchytraeus crypticus (Oligochaeta) – impact of aging and concentration
Environmental Science: Nano ( IF 5.8 ) Pub Date : 2021-08-06 , DOI: 10.1039/d1en00338k
Fátima C. F. Santos _{1,

2,

3,

4} , Paula S. Tourinho _{1,

2,

3,

4} , Janeck J. Scott-Fordsmand _{5,

6,

7,

8} , Cornelis A. M. van Gestel _{9,

10,

11,

12,

13} , Mónica J. B. Amorim _{1,

2,

3,

4}

Affiliation

Silver (Ag) nanomaterials (NMs) are used in many products, eventually reaching the environment at some life stage and as they can be harmful their impact should be assessed. Although research has focused on Ag NM toxicity, less focus has been on toxicokinetics. The aim of this study was to assess the kinetics of Ag nanomaterial (Ag NM300K) and AgNO₃ in the soil invertebrate Enchytraeus crypticus. Tests followed OECD guideline 317, with 14 days uptake followed by 14 days elimination in LUFA 2.2 soil. Two sub-lethal concentrations were selected based on enchytraeid sensitivity in a reproduction test (6 and 60 mg Ag per kg for Ag NM300K, and 5 and 45 mg Ag per kg for AgNO₃), and spiked soil aged for 3 and 14 days after spiking. Total and 0.01 M CaCl₂ extractable soil concentrations were evaluated at day 0, 1 and 14 for all the exposures. Overall, enchytraeids showed increasing Ag uptake with time, followed by a decrease when transferred to clean soil. For the lowest exposure concentrations, the difference in Ag uptake rate constants between 3 and 14 days aging was larger (10-fold) for AgNO₃ than for NM300K (uptake rates being highest for soil aged for 3 days), which was in line with the higher CaCl₂-extractable Ag concentrations in AgNO₃ spiked soil. At the higher exposure concentrations, for AgNO₃ the difference in Ag uptake rate constants between 3 and 14 days aged soils was 2-fold, with the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) being highest at 3 days aging. For Ag NM300K, the uptake rate constant was low with virtually no elimination, suggesting that body Ag concentrations may keep on increasing with time leading to a higher risk of longer-term exposure compared to the Ag ions. These findings show the importance of understanding the toxicokinetics of ionic and nano forms of silver and other elements, and the key role of aging in determining NM bioavailability.

中文翻译：

Ag（纳米）材料在土壤模型 Enchytraeus crypticus (Oligochaeta) 中的毒代动力学——老化和浓度的影响

银 (Ag) 纳米材料 (NMs) 用于许多产品，最终在某个生命阶段进入环境，由于它们可能有害，因此应评估其影响。尽管研究集中在 Ag NM 的毒性上，但对毒代动力学的关注较少。本研究的目的是评估 Ag 纳米材料 (Ag NM300K) 和 AgNO ₃在土壤无脊椎动物Enchytraeus crypticus中的动力学。测试遵循 OECD 准则 317，在 LUFA 2.2 土壤中 14 天吸收，然后 14 天消除。在繁殖试验中，根据菌丝体敏感性选择了两种亚致死浓度（Ag NM300K 为 6 和 60 mg Ag/kg，AgNO ₃为 5 和 45 mg Ag/kg ），并加标土壤老化 3 天和 14 天后尖峰。总计和 0.01 M CaCl对于所有暴露，在第 0、1 和 14 天评估了_{2 种}可提取的土壤浓度。总体而言，随着时间的推移，菌丝体对 Ag 的吸收增加，然后在转移到干净的土壤中时减少。对于最低暴露浓度，AgNO₃ 3 到 14 天老化之间的 Ag 吸收速率常数差异大于 NM300K（土壤老化 3 天的吸收率最高）（10 倍），这与在 AgNO₃加标土壤中，CaCl_{2 可}萃取的 Ag 浓度越高。在较高的暴露浓度下，对于 AgNO₃3 天和 14 天老化土壤之间 Ag 吸收速率常数的差异是 2 倍，其中生物累积因子 (BAF) 在老化 3 天时最高。对于 Ag NM300K，吸收速率常数很低，几乎没有消除，这表明与 Ag 离子相比，体内 Ag 浓度可能会随着时间的推移而不断增加，从而导致更高的长期暴露风险。这些发现表明了解银和其他元素的离子和纳米形式的毒代动力学的重要性，以及老化在确定 NM 生物利用度方面的关键作用。

更新日期：2021-08-07

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