As the exploration of Mars and other worlds for signs of life has increased, the need for a common nomenclature and consensus has become significantly important for proper identification of nonterrestrial/non-Earth biology, biogenic structures, and chemical processes generated from biological processes. The fact that Earth is our single data point for all life, diversity, and evolution means that there is an inherent bias toward life as we know it through our own planet's history. The search for life “as we don't know it” then brings this bias forward to decision-making regarding mission instruments and payloads. Understandably, this leads to several top-level scientific, theoretical, and philosophical questions regarding the definition of life and what it means for future life detection missions. How can we decide on how and where to detect known and unknown signs of life with a single biased data point? What features could act as universal biosignatures that support Darwinian evolution in the geological context of nonterrestrial time lines? The purpose of this article is to generate an improved nomenclature for terrestrial features that have mineral/microbial interactions within structures and to confirm which features can only exist from life (biotic), features that are modified by biological processes (biogenic), features that life does not affect (abiotic), and properties that can exist or not regardless of the presence of biology (abiogenic). These four categories are critical in understanding and deciphering future returned samples from Mars, signs of potential extinct/ancient and extant life on Mars, and in situ analyses from ocean worlds to distinguish and separate what physical structures and chemical patterns are due to life and which are not. Moreover, we discuss hypothetical detection and preservation environments for extant and extinct life, respectively. These proposed environments will take into account independent active and ancient in situ detection prospects by using previous planetary exploration studies and discuss the geobiological implications within an astrobiological context.

中文翻译：

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用于天体生物学原位观测和样品分析的提议的地球生物学驱动的命名法

随着对火星和其他世界生命迹象的探索增加，对通用命名法和共识的需求对于正确识别非地球/非地球生物学、生物结构和由生物过程产生的化学过程变得非常重要。地球是我们所有生命、多样性和进化的单一数据点，这一事实意味着我们对生命存在固有偏见，正如我们通过我们自己星球的历史所了解的那样。寻找“我们不知道的”生命然后将这种偏见带到有关任务仪器和有效载荷的决策中。可以理解的是，这导致了关于生命定义及其对未来生命探测任务的意义的几个顶级科学、理论和哲学问题。我们如何决定如何以及在何处使用单个有偏差的数据点检测已知和未知的生命迹象？在非地球时间线的地质背景下，哪些特征可以作为支持达尔文进化的通用生物特征？本文的目的是为结构内具有矿物/微生物相互作用的陆地特征生成改进的命名法，并确认哪些特征只能存在于生命中（生物），被生物过程修改的特征（生物的），生命不影响的特征（非生物的），以及无论生物是否存在都可以存在或不存在的特性（非生物的）。这四个类别对于理解和破译未来从火星返回的样本、火星上潜在灭绝/古代和现存生命的迹象以及来自海洋世界的原位分析至关重要，以区分和区分哪些物理结构和化学模式是由生命引起的，哪些是由生命引起的。不是。此外，我们分别讨论了现存和灭绝生命的假设检测和保存环境。这些提议的环境将考虑独立的活跃和古老的通过使用先前的行星探索研究并讨论在天体生物学背景下的地球生物学影响，原位探测前景。