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COVID-19 Case Rates in the UK: Modelling Uncertainties as Lockdown Lifts
Systems ( IF 2.3 ) Pub Date : 2021-08-06 , DOI: 10.3390/systems9030060
Claire Brereton , Matteo Pedercini

Background: The UK was one of the countries worst affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe. A strict lockdown from early 2021 combined with an aggressive vaccination programme enabled a gradual easing of lockdown measures to be introduced whilst both deaths and reported case numbers reduced to less than 3% of their peak. The emergence of the Delta variant in April 2021 has reversed this trend, and the UK is once again experiencing surging cases, albeit with reduced average severity due to the success of the vaccination rollout. This study presents the results of a modelling exercise which simulates the progression of the pandemic in the UK through projection of daily case numbers as lockdown lifts. Methods: A simulation model based on the Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovered structure was built. A timeline of UK lockdown measures was used to simulate the changing restrictions. The model was tailored for the UK, with some values set based on research and others obtained through calibration against 16 months of historical data. Results: The model projects that if lockdown restrictions are lifted in July 2021, UK COVID-19 cases will peak at hundreds of thousands daily in most viable scenarios, reducing in late 2021 as immunity acquired through both vaccination and infection reduces the susceptible population percentage. Further lockdown measures can be used to reduce daily cases. Other than the ever-present threat of the emergence of new variants, the most significant unknown factors affecting the profile of the pandemic in the UK are the length and strength of immunity, with daily peak cases over 50% higher if immunity lasts 8 months compared to 12 months. Another significant factor is the percentage of unreported cases. The reduced case severity associated with vaccination may lead to a higher proportion of unreported mild or asymptomatic cases, meaning that unmanaged infections resulting from unknown cases will continue to be a major source of infection. Conclusions: Further research into the length and strength of both recovered and vaccinated COVID-19 immunity is critical to delivering more accurate projections from models, thus enabling more finely tuned policy decisions. The model presented in this article, whilst by no means perfect, aims to contribute to greater transparency of the modelling process, which can only increase trust between policy makers, journalists and the general public.

中文翻译:

英国的 COVID-19 病例率:将不确定性建模为锁定解除

背景:英国是欧洲受 COVID-19 大流行影响最严重的国家之一。从 2021 年初开始的严格封锁与积极的疫苗接种计划相结合,使封锁措施得以逐步放宽,同时死亡人数和报告的病例数均降至峰值的 3% 以下。2021 年 4 月 Delta 变种的出现扭转了这一趋势,英国再次经历了激增的病例,尽管由于疫苗接种的成功,平均严重程度有所降低。这项研究展示了一项建模练习的结果,该练习通过在锁定解除时预测每日病例数来模拟英国大流行的进展。方法:建立基于易感暴露感染恢复结构的仿真模型。英国封锁措施的时间表被用来模拟不断变化的限制。该模型是为英国量身定制的,其中一些值是根据研究设定的,而其他值则是根据 16 个月的历史数据进行校准而获得的。结果:该模型预测,如果在 2021 年 7 月取消锁定限制,在大多数可行的情况下,英国 COVID-19 病例每天将达到数十万,并在 2021 年底减少,因为通过疫苗接种和感染获得的免疫力降低了易感人群的百分比。可以使用进一步的锁定措施来减少日常病例。除了不断出现新变种的威胁外,影响英国大流行状况的最重要的未知因素是免疫的长度和强度,与 12 个月相比,如果免疫持续 8 个月,每日高峰病例会高出 50% 以上。另一个重要因素是未报告病例的百分比。与疫苗接种相关的病例严重程度降低可能导致未报告的轻度或无症状病例比例更高,这意味着由未知病例引起的未控制感染将继续成为主要感染源。结论:进一步研究恢复的和接种疫苗的 COVID-19 免疫力的长度和强度对于从模型中提供更准确的预测至关重要,从而实现更精细的政策决策。本文中提出的模型虽然并不完美,但旨在提高建模过程的透明度,这只会增加决策者、记者和公众之间的信任。另一个重要因素是未报告病例的百分比。与疫苗接种相关的病例严重程度降低可能导致未报告的轻度或无症状病例比例更高,这意味着由未知病例引起的未控制感染将继续成为主要感染源。结论:进一步研究恢复和接种疫苗的 COVID-19 免疫力的长度和强度对于从模型中提供更准确的预测至关重要,从而实现更精细的政策决策。本文中提出的模型虽然并不完美,但旨在提高建模过程的透明度,这只会增加决策者、记者和公众之间的信任。另一个重要因素是未报告病例的百分比。与疫苗接种相关的病例严重程度降低可能导致未报告的轻度或无症状病例比例更高,这意味着由未知病例引起的未控制感染将继续成为主要感染源。结论:进一步研究恢复和接种疫苗的 COVID-19 免疫力的长度和强度对于从模型中提供更准确的预测至关重要,从而实现更精细的政策决策。本文中提出的模型虽然并不完美,但旨在提高建模过程的透明度,这只会增加决策者、记者和公众之间的信任。与疫苗接种相关的病例严重程度降低可能导致未报告的轻度或无症状病例比例更高,这意味着由未知病例引起的未控制感染将继续成为主要感染源。结论:进一步研究恢复和接种疫苗的 COVID-19 免疫力的长度和强度对于从模型中提供更准确的预测至关重要,从而实现更精细的政策决策。本文中介绍的模型虽然并不完美,但旨在提高建模过程的透明度,这只会增加决策者、记者和公众之间的信任。与疫苗接种相关的病例严重程度降低可能导致未报告的轻度或无症状病例比例更高,这意味着由未知病例引起的未控制感染将继续成为主要感染源。结论:进一步研究恢复和接种疫苗的 COVID-19 免疫力的长度和强度对于从模型中提供更准确的预测至关重要,从而实现更精细的政策决策。本文中提出的模型虽然并不完美,但旨在提高建模过程的透明度,这只会增加决策者、记者和公众之间的信任。这意味着由未知病例引起的未经管理的感染将继续成为主要的感染源。结论:进一步研究恢复和接种疫苗的 COVID-19 免疫力的长度和强度对于从模型中提供更准确的预测至关重要,从而实现更精细的政策决策。本文中提出的模型虽然并不完美,但旨在提高建模过程的透明度,这只会增加决策者、记者和公众之间的信任。这意味着由未知病例引起的未经管理的感染将继续成为主要的感染源。结论:进一步研究恢复和接种疫苗的 COVID-19 免疫力的长度和强度对于从模型中提供更准确的预测至关重要,从而实现更精细的政策决策。本文中提出的模型虽然并不完美,但旨在提高建模过程的透明度,这只会增加决策者、记者和公众之间的信任。
更新日期:2021-08-07
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