The practice of healing by anyone other than qualified doctors or pharmacists has been allegedly illegal in France since the nineteenth century. In this judicial order, the state delegated the power to oversee the boundaries of medicine to doctors and pharmacists, allowing them, with support from criminal courts, to determine which therapeutic techniques should remain their exclusive right. In practice, this apparently neat legal system was never clear-cut; therapists without medical qualifications continued to infringe upon spaces that doctors and pharmacists saw as their preserve, often carving out zones of juridical tolerance. In the 1980s and 1990s, negotiations over the legality or illegality of different kinds of healing intensified. Alternative therapies, such as acupuncture and herbalism, had gained in popularity and their practitioners were keen to negotiate a legal position that would make their work licit. While some succeeded, others got entangled in a new governmental framework that characterized alternative medicines as gateways to "sects." This article examines these developments and explains how new juridical techniques to govern certaintherapies arose in the 1990s. These operated through decentralized surveillance systems that enrolled new actors. These included agencies dedicated to monitoring sects; associations of victims; and individuals such as users, their families, or health professionals. Together, they aimed to "prevent" deviant behavior, thereby fostering what is today one of the most peculiar features of the way the French state regulates alternative healing, which it considers potentially "cult-like."

中文翻译：

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治疗的合法性：在 1980 年代至 2010 年代法国处理医学边缘的变异。

自 19 世纪以来，除合格医生或药剂师以外的任何人进行治疗的做法在法国一直被认为是非法的。在这项司法命令中，国家将监督医学边界的权力下放给医生和药剂师，允许他们在刑事法庭的支持下，决定哪些治疗技术应该保持他们的专有权利。实际上，这个看似整洁的法律体系从来都不是明确的；没有医学资格的治疗师继续侵犯医生和药剂师认为是他们的领地的空间，经常划出司法容忍的区域。在 20 世纪 80 年代和 90 年代，关于不同类型治疗的合法性或非法性的谈判愈演愈烈。替代疗法，例如针灸和草药疗法，已经越来越受欢迎，他们的从业者热衷于谈判一个可以使他们的工作合法化的法律地位。虽然有些人成功了，但其他人却陷入了一个新的政府框架，该框架将替代药物描述为通往“教派”的门户。本文审视了这些发展，并解释了 1990 年代管理某些疗法的新司法技术是如何出现的。这些通过分散的监视系统运行，该系统招募了新的参与者。其中包括专门监督教派的机构；受害者协会；以及用户、他们的家人或卫生专业人员等个人。他们共同致力于“预防”越轨行为，从而促进当今法国政府监管替代疗法的方式中最奇特的特征之一，