There is emergent need for in vitro models which are physiologically correct, easy to reproduce, and mimic characteristic functionalities of desired tissue, organ, or diseases state for ophthalmic drug screening, as well as disease modeling. To date, a variety of in vitro models have been developed for the applications ranging from 2D cell culture-based monolayers, multilayer, or co-culture models, to 3-dimensional (3D) organoids, 3D printed and organ on chip systems. Each model has its own pros and cons. While simple models are easier to create, and faster to reproduce, they lack recapitulation of the complex framework, functionalities, and properties of tissues or their subunits. Recent advancements in technologies and integration with tissue engineering and involvement of microfluidic systems have offered novel platforms which can better mimic the in vivo microenvironment, thus possessing potential in transformation of ophthalmic drug development. In this review we summarize existing in vitro ocular models while discussing applicability, drawbacks associated with them, and possible future applications.

中文翻译：

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体外模型在眼科给药系统开发中的作用。

迫切需要体外模型，这些模型在生理上是正确的、易于复制并模拟所需组织、器官或疾病状态的特征功能，用于眼科药物筛选以及疾病建模。迄今为止，已经开发了多种体外模型，应用范围从基于 2D 细胞培养的单层、多层或共培养模型到 3 维 (3D) 类器官、3D 打印和器官芯片系统。每个模型都有自己的优点和缺点。虽然简单的模型更容易创建，复制速度更快，但它们缺乏对组织或其亚基的复杂框架、功能和特性的概括。技术的最新进展以及与组织工程的整合以及微流体系统的参与提供了新的平台，可以更好地模拟体内微环境，从而具有转化眼科药物开发的潜力。在这篇综述中，我们总结了现有的体外眼部模型，同时讨论了适用性、与之相关的缺点以及未来可能的应用。