The Neoproterozoic Lofdal alkaline carbonatite complex consists of a swarm of carbonatite dykes and two plugs of calcite carbonatite known as the ‘Main’ and ‘Emanya’ carbonatite intrusions, with associated dykes and plugs of phonolite, syenite, rare gabbro, anorthosite and quartz-feldspar porphyry. In the unaltered Main Intrusion calcite carbonatite the principal rare-earth host is burbankite. As burbankite typically forms in a magmatic environment, close to the carbohydrothermal transition, this has considerable petrogenetic significance. Compositional and textural features of Lofdal calcite carbonatites indicate that burbankite formed syngenetically with the host calcite at the magmatic stage of carbonatite evolution. The early crystallisation of burbankite provides evidence that the carbonatitic magma was enriched in Na, Sr, Ba and light rare earth elements. In common with other carbonatites, the Lofdal burbankite was variably affected by alteration to produce a complex secondary mineral assemblage. Different stages of burbankite alteration are observed, from completely fresh blebs and hexagonal crystals through to complete pseudomorphs, consisting of carbocernaite, ancylite, cordylite, strontianite, celestine, parisite and baryte. Although most research and exploration at Lofdal has focused on xenotime-bearing carbonatite dykes and wall-rock alteration, this complex also contains a more typical calcite carbonatite enriched in light rare earth elements and their alteration products.

新元古代 Lofdal 碱性碳酸岩复合体由一群碳酸岩岩脉和两个被称为“Main”和“Emanya”碳酸岩侵入体的方解石碳酸岩塞组成，以及伴生岩、正长岩、稀有辉长岩、斜长岩和石英长石的岩脉和塞斑岩。在未改变的主侵入体方解石碳酸岩中，主要的稀土主体是白硼石。由于伯班石通常在岩浆环境中形成，接近碳热液转变，因此具有相当大的成岩意义。Lofdal方解石碳酸岩的成分和结构特征表明，在碳酸岩演化的岩浆阶段，伯班石与主方解石同生形成。伯班石的早期结晶提供了碳酸岩岩浆富含 Na、Sr、Ba和轻稀土元素。与其他碳酸岩一样，Lofdal 伯班克石受蚀变影响不同，产生复杂的次生矿物组合。观察到伯班克石蚀变的不同阶段，从完全新鲜的气泡和六方晶体到完整的假晶型，包括碳白沸石、安晶石、堇青石、菱锶矿、天青石、重晶石和重晶石。尽管 Lofdal 的大部分研究和勘探都集中在含磷钇矿的碳酸盐岩脉和围岩蚀变上，但该复合体还包含一种更典型的富含轻稀土元素的方解石碳酸岩及其蚀变产物。观察到伯班克石蚀变的不同阶段，从完全新鲜的气泡和六方晶体到完整的假晶型，包括碳白沸石、安晶石、堇青石、菱锶矿、天青石、重晶石和重晶石。尽管 Lofdal 的大多数研究和勘探都集中在含磷钇矿的碳酸盐岩脉和围岩蚀变上，但该复合体还包含一种更典型的富含轻稀土元素的方解石碳酸岩及其蚀变产物。观察到伯班克石蚀变的不同阶段，从完全新鲜的气泡和六方晶体到完整的假晶型，包括碳白沸石、安晶石、堇青石、菱锶矿、天青石、重晶石和重晶石。尽管 Lofdal 的大多数研究和勘探都集中在含磷钇矿的碳酸盐岩脉和围岩蚀变上，但该复合体还包含一种更典型的富含轻稀土元素的方解石碳酸岩及其蚀变产物。