Deployment of functional circuits on a 3D freeform surface is of significant interest to wearable devices on curvilinear skin/tissue surfaces or smart Internet-of-Things with sensors on 3D objects. Here we present a new fabrication strategy that can directly print functional circuits either transient or long-lasting onto freeform surfaces by intense pulsed light-induced mass transfer of zinc nanoparticles (Zn NPs). The intense pulsed light can locally raise the temperature of Zn NPs to cause evaporation. Lamination of a kirigami-patterned soft semi-transparent polymer film with Zn NPs conforming to a 3D surface results in condensation of Zn NPs to form conductive yet degradable Zn patterns onto a 3D freeform surface for constructing transient electronics. Immersing the Zn patterns into a copper sulfate or silver nitrate solution can further convert the transient device to a long-lasting device with copper or silver. Functional circuits with integrated sensors and a wireless communication component on 3D glass beakers and seashells with complex surface geometries demonstrate the viability of this manufacturing strategy.

在 3D 自由曲面上部署功能电路对于曲线皮肤/组织表面上的可穿戴设备或在 3D 物体上带有传感器的智能物联网来说非常重要。在这里，我们提出了一种新的制造策略，可以通过强脉冲光诱导锌纳米颗粒（Zn NP）的传质，将瞬态或持久的功能电路直接打印到自由形状表面上。强脉冲光可以局部升高Zn NPs的温度以引起蒸发。将剪纸图案的软半透明聚合物薄膜与符合 3D 表面的 Zn NP 层压，导致 Zn NP 凝结，在 3D 自由曲面上形成导电但可降解的 Zn 图案，用于构建瞬态电子器件。将锌图案浸入硫酸铜或硝酸银溶液中可以进一步将瞬态器件转变为铜或银的持久器件。具有复杂表面几何形状的 3D 玻璃烧杯和贝壳上具有集成传感器和无线通信组件的功能电路证明了这种制造策略的可行性。