The herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is widely used due to it selective action, and preferential control of dicotyledonous weeds affecting cereal crops. Physiological responses of sensitive dicotyledonous plants to 2,4-D include growth retardation, senescence, and cell death. Due to soil and water contamination by agricultural practices, 2,4-D constitutes a potential risk to non-target plant species. In this work, the potential advantage of using organic modified bentonite (Bent) to adsorb 2,4-D and therefore mitigate damage produced by this herbicide on sensitive not-target vegetable species was investigated. Dodecylamine (DDA) was used as an organic modifier to change the hydrophilic nature of Bent into an organophilic matrix. The adsorption performances of 2,4-D by Bent-DDA were analyzed. The maximum adsorptions of 2,4-D (22.1 mg/L) from aqueous solution containing 1.0 or 2.5 mg/mL Bent-DDA were 40 and 80 %, respectively. The physical interaction of Bent-DDA with 2,4-D was characterized by Wide Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The biological functionality of Bent-DDA matrix as 2,4-D adsorbent was tested in a bioassay in the Arabidopsis thaliana plant model system. The primary root growth of Arabidopsis seedlings is strongly inhibited by low concentrations of 2,4-D. Arabidopsis seedlings submitted to Bent-DDA pre-treated herbicide aqueous solution showed similar root growth than 2,4-D non-treated seedlings. Finally, the ability of Bent-DDA to prevent 2,4-D phytotoxicity was exploratory investigated in lettuce plants. Lettuce plants pre-treated with 20 μg/mL Bent-DDA showed reduced sensitivity to 2,4-D including an increment on chlorophyll content and biomass compared with non-treated plants. Our findings revealed a promising scenario for the application of Bent-DDA as an effective adsorbent of 2,4-D at productive scale.

中文翻译：

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有机改性膨润土吸附 2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸 (2,4-D) 并防止其植物毒性的功效。

除草剂 2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸 (2,4-D) 因其选择性作用和优先控制影响谷类作物的双子叶杂草而被广泛使用。敏感的双子叶植物对 2,4-D 的生理反应包括生长迟缓、衰老和细胞死亡。由于农业实践造成的土壤和水污染，2,4-D 对非目标植物物种构成潜在风险。在这项工作中，研究了使用有机改性膨润土 (Bent) 吸附 2,4-D 从而减轻这种除草剂对敏感的非目标植物物种造成的损害的潜在优势。十二烷基胺 (DDA) 用作有机改性剂，将 Bent 的亲水性转变为亲有机基质。分析了Bent-DDA对2,4-D的吸附性能。2,4-D (22. 1 mg/L) 从含有 1.0 或 2.5 mg/mL Bent-DDA 的水溶液中分别为 40% 和 80%。Bent-DDA 与 2,4-D 的物理相互作用通过广角 X 射线散射 (WAXS) 和热重分析 (TGA) 进行表征。Bent-DDA 基质作为 2,4-D 吸附剂的生物学功能在拟南芥植物模型系统的生物测定中进行了测试。拟南芥幼苗的初生根生长受到低浓度 2,4-D 的强烈抑制。提交给 Bent-DDA 预处理除草剂水溶液的拟南芥幼苗显示出与 2,4-D 未处理幼苗相似的根生长。最后，在生菜植物中探索性研究了 Bent-DDA 防止 2,4-D 植物毒性的能力。用 20 μg/mL Bent-DDA 预处理的生菜植株对 2、4-D 包括与未处理植物相比叶绿素含量和生物量的增加。我们的研究结果揭示了将 Bent-DDA 作为生产规模的 2,4-D 有效吸附剂应用的前景。