Background

Knowledge of the long-term effects of soccer training on hematological, hormonal, inflammatory, and muscle damage markers and physical performance may help to better design strength and conditioning programs for performance development and injury prevention for the individual player and the team.

Objectives

The aim of this systematic review was to summarize and discuss evidence on the long-term effects of soccer training on selected hematological, hormonal, inflammatory, and muscle damage markers and physical performance in elite and professional soccer players. A second goal was to investigate associations between selected physiological markers and measures of performance.

Methods

Adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic literature search was conducted in four electronic databases (PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus) from inception until August 2020 to identify articles related to soccer training effects. To be included in this systematic review, studies had to examine male elite (national level) and/or professional (international level) soccer players aged > 17 years and a soccer training period > 4 weeks, and report outcomes related to hematological, hormonal, inflammatory, muscle damage, and performance markers.

Results

The search syntax initially identified 2420 records. After screening titles, abstracts, and full texts, 20 eligible studies were included in this systematic review, with training durations lasting between 4 and 18 weeks in 15 studies, around 6 months in four studies, and around 1 year in one study. Effects of long-term soccer training revealed parameter-specific increases or decreases in hematological, hormonal, inflammatory, and muscle damage markers and physical performance. Two studies showed a moderate increase in hematological markers such as hemoglobin (effect size [ES] = 0.67–0.93). Parameter-specific changes were noted for hormonal markers in the form of increases for total testosterone (ES = 0.20–0.67) and free testosterone (FT) (ES = 0.20–0.65) and decreases for cortisol (ES = − 0.28 to − 1.31). Finally, moderate to very large increases were found for muscle damage markers such as creatine kinase (ES = 0.94–6.80) and physical performance such as countermovement jump (CMJ) height (ES = 0.50–1.11) and squat jump (SJ) height (ES = 0.65–1.28). After long-term periods of soccer training, significant positive correlations were found between percentage change (Δ%) in FT and Δ% in CMJ height (r = 0.94; p = 0.04) and between Δ% in total testosterone/cortisol (TT/C) ratio and Δ% in SJ (r = 0.89; p = 0.03).

Conclusions

Findings suggest that long-term soccer training induces increases/decreases in hematological, hormonal, inflammatory, and muscle damage markers and physical performance in male elite and professional soccer players. These fluctuations can be explained by different contextual factors (e.g., training load, duration of training, psychological factors, mood state). Interestingly, the observed changes in hormonal parameters (FT and TT/C) were related to vertical jump performance changes (e.g., CMJ and SJ). Anabolic hormones and TT/C can possibly be used as a tool to identify physical performance alteration after long-term soccer training.

中文翻译：

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精英和职业足球运动员的血液学、激素、炎症和肌肉损伤：对锻炼有影响的系统评价

背景

了解足球训练对血液学、荷尔蒙、炎症和肌肉损伤标志物和身体表现的长期影响可能有助于更好地设计力量和体能训练计划，以促进个人球员和球队的表现发展和伤害预防。

目标

本系统评价的目的是总结和讨论足球训练对精英和职业足球运动员选定的血液学、荷尔蒙、炎症和肌肉损伤标志物和身体表现的长期影响的证据。第二个目标是调查选定的生理标志物和性能测量之间的关联。

方法

遵循系统评价和元分析 (PRISMA) 指南的首选报告项目，从开始到 2020 年 8 月，在四个电子数据库（PubMed、ISI Web of Knowledge、Web of Science 和 SPORTDiscus）中进行了系统文献检索，以确定与足球训练效果相关的文章。为了纳入本系统评价，研究必须检查男性精英（国家级）和/或专业（国际级）足球运动员年龄 > 17 岁和足球训练时间 > 4 周，并报告与血液学、激素、炎症、肌肉损伤和性能指标。

结果

搜索语法最初标识了 2420 条记录。在筛选标题、摘要和全文后，本系统评价纳入了 20 项符合条件的研究，其中 15 项研究的培训持续时间为 4 至 18 周，4 项研究约 6 个月，一项研究约 1 年。长期足球训练的影响揭示了血液学、荷尔蒙、炎症和肌肉损伤标志物和身体表现的参数特异性增加或减少。两项研究显示血红蛋白等血液学标志物适度增加（效应大小 [ES] = 0.67–0.93）。激素标志物的参数特异性变化以总睾酮 (ES = 0.20–0.67) 和游离睾酮 (FT) (ES = 0.20–0.65) 增加和皮质醇减少 (ES = - 0.28 至 - 1.31) 的形式出现. 最后，肌酸激酶 (ES = 0.94–6.80) 等肌肉损伤标志物和反向运动 (CMJ) 高度 (ES = 0.50–1.11) 和深蹲 (SJ) 高度 (ES = 0.65–1.28)。在长期的足球训练后，发现 FT 的百分比变化 (Δ%) 和 CMJ 高度的 Δ% 之间存在显着的正相关关系。r  = 0.94；p  = 0.04) 和总睾酮/皮质醇 (TT/C) 比率的 Δ% 和 SJ 的 Δ% ( r  = 0.89; p  = 0.03)。

结论

研究结果表明，长期足球训练会导致男性精英和职业足球运动员的血液学、荷尔蒙、炎症和肌肉损伤标志物和身体表现的增加/减少。这些波动可以通过不同的背景因素（例如，训练负荷、训练持续时间、心理因素、情绪状态）来解释。有趣的是，观察到的荷尔蒙参数（FT 和 TT/C）的变化与垂直跳跃表现的变化（例如，CMJ 和 SJ）有关。合成代谢激素和 TT/C 可能被用作识别长期足球训练后身体表现改变的工具。