Disinfection is one of the most important water treatment processes as it inactivates pathogens providing safe drinking water to the consumers. A fresh-water distribution network is a complex system where constant monitoring of several parameters and related managerial decisions take place in order for the network to operate in the most efficient way. However, there are cases where some of the decisions made to improve the network’s performance level, such as reduction of water losses, may have negative impacts on other significant operational processes such as the disinfection. In particular, the division of a water distribution network into district metered areas (DMAs) and the application of various pressure management measures may impact the effectiveness of the water chlorination process. Two operational measures are assessed in this paper: (a) the use of inline chlorination boosters to achieve more efficient chlorination; and (b) how the DMAs formation impacts the chlorination process. To achieve this, the water distribution network of a Greek town is chosen as a case study where several scenarios are being thoroughly analyzed. The assessment process utilizes the network’s hydraulic simulation model, which is set up in Watergems V8i software, forming the baseline to develop the network’s water quality model. The results proved that inline chlorination boosters ensure a more efficient disinfection, especially at the most remote parts/nodes of the network, compared to conventional chlorination processes (e.g., at the water tanks), achieving 100% safe water volume and consuming almost 50% less chlorine mass. DMAs’ formation results in increased water age values up to 8.27%, especially at the remote parts/nodes of the network and require more time to achieve the necessary minimum effective chlorine concentration of 0.2 mg/L. However, DMAs formation and pressure management measures do not threaten the chlorination’s efficiency. It is important to include water age and residual chlorine as criteria when optimizing water pressure and the division of DMAs.

中文翻译：

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评估 DMA 和使用助推器对希腊供水网络中氯化的影响

消毒是最重要的水处理过程之一，因为它可以灭活病原体，为消费者提供安全的饮用水。淡水分配网络是一个复杂的系统，其中不断监测多个参数和相关的管理决策，以便网络以最有效的方式运行。但是，在某些情况下，为提高网络性能水平而做出的某些决定（例如减少水损失）可能会对消毒等其他重要操作过程产生负面影响。特别是，将配水管网划分为区域计量区 (DMA) 和应用各种压力管理措施可能会影响水氯化过程的有效性。本文评估了两项操作措施：(a) 使用在线氯化助推器以实现更有效的氯化；(b) DMA 的形成如何影响氯化过程。为实现这一目标，我们选择了一个希腊城镇的供水网络作为案例研究，其中对多种场景进行了彻底分析。评估过程利用在 Watergems V8i 软件中建立的网络水力模拟模型，形成开发网络水质模型的基线。结果证明，与传统氯化工艺（例如，在水箱中）相比，在线氯化助推器可确保更有效的消毒，尤其是在网络最偏远的部分/节点，实现 100% 的安全水量并消耗近 50%更少的氯质量。DMA 的形成导致水龄值增加高达 8.27%，特别是在网络的远程部分/节点，需要更多时间才能达到 0.2 mg/L 的必要最小有效氯浓度。然而，DMA 的形成和压力管理措施不会威胁氯化的效率。在优化水压和 DMA 划分时，将水龄和余氯作为标准非常重要。