Increasing numbers of endoscopically implantable devices are implanted in the airways, such as airway stents, one-way valves and coils, to treat both malignant and benign diseases. They significantly improve patient outcomes, but their long-term effectiveness and sustainability is hampered by the reaction of the formation of granulation tissue. Factors including procedural-related tissue injury; micro-organism presence; device-related factors, such as the material, design and sizing in relation to the airway; and patient-related factors, including genetic susceptibility, comorbidities and medication use, might all effect the severity of the tissue response and the subsequent degree of granulation tissue formation. However, research into the underlying mechanism and risk factors is scarce and therefore our knowledge is limited. Joint efforts from the scientific community, both pre-clinical and clinical, are needed to gain a deeper understanding and eventually improve the long-term treatment effectiveness of lung-implantable devices.

越来越多的内窥镜植入装置被植入气道，例如气道支架、单向阀和线圈，以治疗恶性和良性疾病。它们显着改善了患者的治疗效果，但其长期有效性和可持续性受到肉芽组织形成反应的阻碍。因素包括手术相关的组织损伤；微生物的存在；与设备相关的因素，例如与气道相关的材料、设计和尺寸；患者相关因素，包括遗传易感性、合并症和药物使用，都可能影响组织反应的严重程度以及随后肉芽组织形成的程度。然而，对其潜在机制和风险因素的研究很少，因此我们的知识有限。需要临床前和临床科学界的共同努力，以获得更深入的了解并最终提高肺植入装置的长期治疗效果。