Landscape changes can alter pollinator movement and foraging patterns which can in turn influence the demographic processes of plant populations. We leveraged social network models and four fixed arrays of five hummingbird feeders equipped with radio frequency identification (RFID) data loggers to study rufous hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus) foraging patterns in a heterogeneous landscape. Using a space-for-time approach, we asked whether forest encroachment on alpine meadows could restrict hummingbird foraging movements and impede resource discovery. We fit social network models to data on 2221 movements between feeders made by 29 hummingbirds. Movements were made primarily by females, likely due to male territoriality and early migration dates. Distance was the driving factor in determining the rate of movements among feeders. The posterior mean effects of forest landscape variables (local canopy cover and intervening forest cover) were negative, but with considerable uncertainty. Finally, we found strong reciprocity in hummingbird movements, indicative of frequent out and back movements between resources. Together, these findings suggest that reciprocal movements by female hummingbirds could help maintain bidirectional gene flow among nearby subpopulations of ornithophilous plants; however, if the distance among meadows increases with further forest encroachment, this may limit foraging among progressively isolated meadows.

景观变化可以改变传粉媒介的运动和觅食模式，进而影响植物种群的人口统计过程。我们利用社交网络模型和配备射频识别 (RFID) 数据记录器的五个蜂鸟喂食器的四个固定阵列来研究红褐色蜂鸟 ( Selasphorus rufus) 在异质景观中的觅食模式。使用空间换时间方法，我们询问森林侵占高山草甸是否会限制蜂鸟觅食活动并阻碍资源发现。我们将社交网络模型拟合到 29 只蜂鸟喂食器之间的 2221 次运动数据。迁移主要由女性进行，可能是由于男性的领土和早期迁移日期。距离是决定馈线之间移动速度的驱动因素。森林景观变量（当地冠层覆盖率和中间森林覆盖率）的后验平均效应为负，但具有相当大的不确定性。最后，我们发现蜂鸟运动具有很强的互惠性，表明资源之间的频繁进出。一起，这些发现表明，雌性蜂鸟的相互运动有助于维持附近的鸟类植物亚群之间的双向基因流动；然而，如果草地之间的距离随着森林的进一步侵占而增加，这可能会限制逐渐孤立的草地之间的觅食。