Persistent wintertime inversions over cities are the most critical conditions for air quality, and also one of the most challenging situations to simulate with a meteorological model. In this study, the ability of the meteorological Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, coupled with the multilayer urban canopy parameterization BEP-BEM (Building Effect Parameterization - Building Energy Model), to simulate the evolution of the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) structure over the city of Madrid, Spain, during a multiday inversion episode, is assessed. The model results are evaluated against airport soundings, fourteen meteorological stations within and around the urban area, and remotely sensed surface temperatures. The study indicates that the PBL structure is determined by the interaction between the urban and rural heat and momentum fluxes, the topography, and the downward turbulent transport of heat. The best air temperature spatial distribution is obtained when the 6th order horizontal filter is applied only to wind and not to temperature, and when the soil moisture is reduced to 25% of the initial value provided by the global scale model. However, the comparison against satellite surface temperature data indicates that with such a dry soil the model underestimates the surface temperatures during the night and overestimates them during the day in rural areas. This compensating error points to a likely deficiency in the PBL and surface schemes during the persistent inversions. In urban areas, the simulations with the urban canopy parameterization tend to overestimate the nocturnal surface and air temperatures, while they reproduce wind speed correctly. Finally, a new methodology, based on a comparison of the differences between maximum and minimum temperatures for couples of stations, to assess the model's capability to reproduce the spatial variability of air temperature, is introduced, and the results show that the use of the multilayer urban canopy scheme and the adjustment of the soil moisture are both needed to improve the reproduction of such spatial distribution.

城市上空持续的冬季逆温是空气质量最关键的条件，也是使用气象模型模拟的最具挑战性的情况之一。在这项研究中，气象天气研究和预测 (WRF) 模型的能力，加上多层城市冠层参数化 BEP-BEM（建筑效应参数化 - 建筑能源模型），来模拟行星边界层 (PBL) 的演变评估了多日反转事件期间西班牙马德里市的结构。模型结果根据机场探测、市区内和周围的 14 个气象站以及遥感地表温度进行评估。研究表明，PBL 结构是由城乡热量和动量通量之间的相互作用决定的，地形，以及热量向下的湍流传输。当6阶水平滤波器仅应用于风而不应用于温度时，当土壤湿度降低到全球尺度模型提供的初始值的25％时，可以获得最佳的气温空间分布。然而，与卫星表面温度数据的比较表明，在这种干燥的土壤中，模型低估了夜间的地表温度，而高估了农村地区白天的地表温度。这种补偿误差表明在持续反演期间 PBL 和表面方案可能存在缺陷。在城市地区，使用城市冠层参数化的模拟往往会高估夜间地表和气温，但它们正确地再现了风速。最后，一种新的方法，