Livestock feed encompasses both human edible and human inedible components. Human edible feed components may become less available for livestock. Especially for proteins, this calls for action. This review focuses on using alternative protein sources in feed and protein efficiency, the expected problems, and how these problems could be solved. Breeding for higher protein efficiency leading to less use of the protein sources may be one strategy. Replacing (part of) the human edible feed components with human inedible components may be another strategy, which could be combined with breeding for livestock that can efficiently digest novel protein feed sources. The potential use of novel protein sources is discussed. We discuss the present knowledge on novel protein sources, including the consequences for animal performance and production costs, and make recommendations for the use and optimization of novel protein sources (1) to improve our knowledge on the inclusion of human inedible protein into the diet of livestock, (2) because cooperation between animal breeders and nutritionists is needed to share knowledge and combine expertise, and (3) to investigate the effect of animal-specific digestibility of protein sources for selective breeding for each protein source and for precision feeding. Nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics will be important tools.

中文翻译：

---

在不与人类食用蛋白质来源竞争的情况下，使用饲料成分使牲畜适应新日粮——可能性和建议的回顾

牲畜饲料包括人类可食用和人类不可食用的成分。可供牲畜使用的人类可食用饲料成分可能会减少。特别是对于蛋白质，这需要采取行动。本综述侧重于在饲料和蛋白质效率中使用替代蛋白质来源、预期问题以及如何解决这些问题。育种以提高蛋白质效率，从而减少蛋白质来源的使用可能是一种策略。用人类不可食用的成分代替（部分）人类可食用的饲料成分可能是另一种策略，它可以与可以有效消化新型蛋白质饲料来源的牲畜育种相结合。讨论了新型蛋白质来源的潜在用途。我们讨论了目前关于新型蛋白质来源的知识，包括对动物性能和生产成本的影响，并就新型蛋白质来源的使用和优化提出建议 (1) 以提高我们对将人类不可食用蛋白质纳入牲畜饮食的认识，(2) 因为需要动物饲养员和营养学家之间的合作来共享知识和结合专业知识，和 (3) 研究蛋白质来源的动物特异性消化率对每种蛋白质来源的选择性育种和精确饲养的影响。营养遗传学和营养基因组学将是重要的工具。(3) 研究蛋白质来源的动物特异性消化率对每种蛋白质来源的选择性育种和精确饲养的影响。营养遗传学和营养基因组学将是重要的工具。(3) 研究蛋白质来源的动物特异性消化率对每种蛋白质来源的选择性育种和精确饲养的影响。营养遗传学和营养基因组学将是重要的工具。